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Biology Gr 11 > Biology - Diversity Unit > Flashcards

Biology - Diversity Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages in the evolution of cells?

A
  1. Abiotic stage - amino acids
  2. Joining of small molecules into polymers like proteins
  3. Packaging of these molecules into protobionts
  4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made DNA and RNA
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2
Q

What is radiometric dating?

A

A method that measures the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of fossils.

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3
Q

What is the significance of carbon-14 in radiometric dating?

A

Measuring the ratio of carbon-14 to total carbon or nitrogen-14 in a fossil helps determine its age.

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4
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

The oldest known fossils (single-celled prokaryotic) that appeared 3.5 billion years ago and are photosynthetic.

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5
Q

What is the age of the oldest eukaryotic cells?

A

The oldest eukaryotic cells are 2.1 billion years old and resulted from endosymbiosis.

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6
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly prokaryotes living within large cells.

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7
Q

What is the age of multicellular eukaryotes?

A

Multicellular eukaryotes are 1.5 billion years old.

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8
Q

What are the size differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells are 1-10 μm, while eukaryotic cells are 100-1000 μm.

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9
Q

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in genetic material?

A

Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA not bound by a membrane, while eukaryotic cells have DNA in a nucleus bounded by a membrane.

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10
Q

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in cell division?

A

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis.

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11
Q

What is the primary mode of reproduction for prokaryotes?

A

Asexual reproduction.

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12
Q

What shapes do prokaryotes commonly display?

A

Spherical (cocci), rod-like (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla).

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13
Q

What is conjugation in prokaryotes?

A

A type of sexual reproduction where one cell transfers its plasmid to another cell via a pilus.

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14
Q

What are the differences in cell walls between bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, while archaeal cell walls are not.

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15
Q

What is the role of endospores in bacteria?

A

Endospores protect and store an organism’s genetic material during unfavorable conditions.

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16
Q

What are the beneficial roles of prokaryotes?

A

They help make useful products, act as decomposers, and form mutualistic relationships.

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17
Q

What are harmful effects of prokaryotes?

A

They can cause diseases and produce harmful chemicals.

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18
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is a single or double-stranded DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective coat called a capsid.

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19
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Viruses infect a host cell, which then manufactures viral components and assembles new viruses.

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20
Q

What are the two cycles of viral replication?

A

Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.

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21
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins that replicate by converting related proteins to prions.

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of protists?

A

All protists are eukaryotic and can be unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, or mixotrophic.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of kingdom Plantae?

A

Plants possess apical meristems, reproduce by alternation of generations, and produce gametes within multicellular organs.

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24
Q

What are nonvascular plants?

A

Plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts that lack a vascular system and grow close to the ground.

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25
Q

What are vascular plants?

A

Plants that possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), roots, and leaves.

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26
Q

What distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?

A

Gymnosperms are flowerless plants with cones, while angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in protective tissue.

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27
Q

What are pollen grains and their role in fertilization?

A

Pollen grains are carried by wind to female cones containing eggs, leading to fertilization and the development of an embryo with a naked seed.

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28
Q

What defines angiosperms?

A

Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in protective tissue.

29
Q

What are the male and female parts of a flower?

A

The male part is the stamen (anther producing pollen), and the female part is the pistil (ovary containing eggs).

30
Q

How are pollen grains transported to the pistil?

A

Pollen grains are carried to the pistil by wind or by insects/birds.

31
Q

What happens after a pollen grain fertilizes an egg?

A

The plant’s ovary matures to become a fruit that encloses the embryo within seeds.

32
Q

What is the life cycle of plants characterized by?

A

The life cycle of plants is characterized by alternation of generations, with the sporophyte stage being the most visible.

33
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi?

A

All fungi are eukaryotic, with some being unicellular and most multicellular.

34
Q

What is the body plan of multicellular fungi?

A

The body plan includes a visible fruiting body, hyphae (thread-like filaments), and a complex branching network called mycelium.

35
Q

What is the difference between fungal and plant cell walls?

A

Fungal cell walls contain chitin, while plant cells contain cellulose.

36
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Fungi are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients by releasing enzymes into their surroundings and absorbing the digested nutrients.

37
Q

What are the four ways fungi can obtain nutrients?

A

Fungi can be parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, or saprobial.

38
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

Fungi reproduce asexually through spore production, budding, or fragmentation.

39
Q

What is budding in fungi?

A

Budding is when a smaller cell develops while attached to the parent cell and is eventually separated to form a new individual.

40
Q

What is fragmentation in fungi?

A

Fragmentation occurs when a piece of mycelium breaks off and forms a new individual.

41
Q

How do chytrids reproduce?

A

Chytrids reproduce asexually via spores that are genetically identical to the parent and have flagella.

42
Q

What is unique about zygospores in Zygomycota?

A

Zygospores can reproduce sexually when conditions are unfavorable, forming a zygosporangium that undergoes meiosis.

43
Q

What type of mycorrhizae do Glomeromycetes form?

A

Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae, enhancing water and mineral absorption for plants.

44
Q

How do Sac Fungi (Ascomycota) reproduce?

A

Sac Fungi reproduce asexually via conidia and can reproduce sexually through the formation of an ascus.

45
Q

What is the process of sexual reproduction in Club Fungi (Basidiomycota)?

A

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid hyphae to create a diploid zygote within a basidium.

46
Q

What are the closest relatives to animals?

A

The closest relatives to animals are Choanoflagellates, which share feeding cell characteristics with sponges.

47
Q

What are the general characteristics of all animals?

A

All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, mobile at some life stages, and reproduce sexually.

48
Q

What is the significance of the Cambrian explosion?

A

The Cambrian explosion marked an acceleration in animal diversification between 542-525 million years ago.

49
Q

What is the role of Hox genes in animals?

A

Hox genes control cell division and differentiation, resulting in variations in morphology.

50
Q

What are the three types of symmetry in animals?

A

Asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.

51
Q

What is the function of tissues in animals?

A

Tissues are groups of similar cells specialized to perform specific tasks.

52
Q

What are the three germ layers in triploblastic animals?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

53
Q

What is a coelom?

A

A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that aids in movement and allows for complex organ systems.

54
Q

What are the two patterns of embryonic development in animals?

A

Protostome and deuterostome development.

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Porifera?

A

Porifera includes sponges, which are asymmetrical, lack true tissues, and are aquatic.

56
Q

What defines Cnidaria?

A

Cnidaria includes hydrozoans, jellyfish, and corals, characterized by radial symmetry and diploblastic tissue.

57
Q

What are the key features of Platyhelminthes?

A

Platyhelminthes are bilateral, triploblastic, lack a coelom, and have a gastrovascular cavity.

58
Q

What are the main characteristics of Mollusca?

A

Mollusca are bilateral, triploblastic, possess a coelom, and have three main body parts.

59
Q

What defines Annelida?

A

Annelida are segmented, bilateral, triploblastic, and possess a closed circulatory system.

60
Q

What are the characteristics of Arthropoda?

A

Arthropoda are bilateral, segmented, have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and an open circulatory system.

61
Q

What are the key features of Echinodermata?

A

Echinodermata are radially symmetrical as adults, possess a coelom, and have a water vascular system.

62
Q

What are the defining features of Chordates?

A

Chordates possess a notochord, a hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, and a muscular post-anal tail.

63
Q

What distinguishes craniates from other chordates?

A

Craniates have two clusters of Hox genes, a neutral crest, and a more complex circulatory system.

64
Q

What are the characteristics of vertebrates?

A

Vertebrates have a backbone, an extensive skull, and lack jaws.

65
Q

What defines gnathostomes?

A

Gnathostomes are vertebrates with jaws and four clusters of Hox genes.

66
Q

What are the key features of tetrapods?

A

Tetrapods have four limbs, feet with digits, and can exchange gas through their skin.

67
Q

What are the defining characteristics of amniotes?

A

Amniotes have an amniotic egg, less permeable skin, and use ribcage ventilation.

68
Q

What are the key features of mammals?

A

Mammals have mammary glands, hair, efficient respiratory systems, and a large brain.

Biology Gr 11 (2 decks)

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