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GCSE Science > Biology: Digestive System etc > Flashcards

Biology: Digestive System etc Flashcards

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1
Q

mouth

A

teeth mechanically break down food
larger surface area for enzyme action

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2
Q

oesophagus

A

connects mouth and stomach

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3
Q

peristalsis

A

how food bolus moves through gut

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4
Q

stomach

A

churns food to break down further and mix
releases proteases and hydrochloric acid- helps to sterilise food

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5
Q

what makes a effective diffusion surface (in body)

A

large surface area
good blood supply
short diffusion distance

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6
Q

small intestine

A

nutrients absorbed into bloodstream (only soluble food molecules)
villi greatly increases surface area along with folded shape

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7
Q

large intestine/colon

A

absorbs water
forms faeces

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8
Q

gut flora- what

A

bacteria in our gut

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9
Q

gut flora purpose

A

break down substances we can’t digest
supply essential nutrients
synthesise (put together) vitamin K
compete with harmful bacteria (restricts their growth)

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10
Q

rectum

A

stores faeces- mainly indigestible food

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11
Q

anus

A

muscle controlled opening out of the body

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12
Q

salivary glands

A

produce amylase
lubricates food bolus for easy swallowing

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13
Q

bile- purpose

A

to emulsify fats
neutralises stomach acid

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14
Q

bile- where produced and stored

A

produced in liver
stored in gall bladder

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15
Q

emulsify fats?

A

break them down into smaller globules so they have more surface area for enzyme action

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16
Q

pancreas

A

produce amylase, protease, lipase

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17
Q

enzyme

A

biological catalyst
made from proteins/amino acids

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18
Q

other things about digestive enzymes

A

work outside body cells
produced by glands
secreted into the digestive tract

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19
Q

pH of oral cavity

A

6.8-7.5

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20
Q

pH of stomach cavity

A

1.5-2.0

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21
Q

duodenum

A

first part of small intestine

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22
Q

pH of duodenum

A

5.6-8

23
Q

pH of small intestine

A

7.2-7.5

24
Q

pH of colon

A

7.9-8.5

25
Q

difference between simple and complex carbohydrates

A

complex: longer chains eg starch
take longer to digest
shorter: opposite eg sugar

26
Q

carbohydrates -> ?? used for what?

A

glucose- fuel for respiration- to release energy

27
Q

proteins -> ?? used for what?

A

amino acids- building new proteins for growth and repair, also enzymes and antibodies

28
Q

lipids-> ?? used for what?

A

fatty acids and glycerol- used to rebuild lipids for use as an energy store
insulation
protect vital organs and build cell membranes and hormones

29
Q

carbohydrase- where produced, action

A

saliva -> mouth
pancreas -> small intestine
small intestine

30
Q

protease- where produced, action

A

stomach
pancreas -> small intestine
small intestine

31
Q

lipase- where produced, action

A

pancreas -> small intestine

32
Q

eg of carbohydrase

A

amylase

33
Q

eg of protease

A

pepsin: stomach
trypsin: pancreas -> small intestine

34
Q

starch food test

A

iodine
orange/brown
blue/black

35
Q

sugar food test

A

benedict’s
light blue
green to brick red
85 celsius water bath for 5 mins

36
Q

lipid food test

A

ethanol
clear and colourless
cloudy emulsion

37
Q

protein food test

A

biuret
blue
lilac/purple

38
Q

specificity of enzymes

A

a substrate can only be binded if it has a complementary shape (enzymes are folded to produce a unique shape)

39
Q

substrate

A

reactant

40
Q

how is enzyme held together

A

by forces between amino acids (enzymes are large protein molecules / chains of amino acids)

41
Q

lock and key theory

A

substrate temporarily binds to enzymes active site- forms an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
bonds broken
enzyme converts substrate into product(s)- forms an ENZYME-PRODUCT COMPLEX
products released from enzymes active site- enzyme remains unchanged

42
Q

induced fit theory

A

shape of enzymes active site and substrate are not complementary
when substrate enters active site, a conformational change occurs

43
Q

denatured

A

when the shape of an enzymes active site is distorted and its substrate can no longer fit (reaction is not catalysed)
largely irresversbile

44
Q

enzymes and temperature

A

low temp:
little kinetic energy
few successful random collisions

more kinetic energy as temp increases, more collisions

optimum temp:
most successful collisions (37 celsius in human body)

active site deforms above that
decreasing successful collisions as bonds are broken

get to a point where there are no successful collisions

45
Q

enzymes and pH

A

optimum pH:
most successful collisions
this value depends on the enzyme

moving away:
become denatured
fewer successful collisions

extreme pH:
no activity- completely denatured

46
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all the reactions in a cell/organism

47
Q

examples of synthesis in humans

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose from glucose
proteins from amino acids in ribosomes
lipids from fatty acids and glycerol

48
Q

examples of synthesis in plants

A

glucose from carbon dixode and water
amino acids from glucose and nitrate ions

49
Q

anabolic reaction

A

synthesis reaction

50
Q

catabolic reaction, example

A

breaking down reaction (big to small)
eg digestion
cellular respiration (glucose -> water and co2)
deamination (excess amino acids -> urea)

51
Q

reactions that happen in plants and humans

A

respiration and protein synthesis

52
Q

what happens to excess proteins/amino acids

A

converted to urea- excreted in urine

53
Q

what is the point of digestion

A

make molecules smaller and SOLUBLE to be absorbed into blood

GCSE Science (2 decks)

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