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Biology course flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosomes are located in a nucleus in which of the following?

I. Viruses

II. Prokaryotes

III. Eukaryotes

A

III only

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2
Q

Meiosis of a diploid cell results in

A

four haploid cells

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters contained in vesicles enter the synapse through

A

exocytosis

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4
Q

Which of the following pairs of organisms have the closest evolutionary relationship?

I. Bacillus thuringiensis

II. Telmatobius peruvianus

III. Bacillus cereus

IV. Cereus peruvianus

V. Mesoplodon peruvianus

A

I and III

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5
Q

Which of the following best describes the primary function of chlorophyll in an organism?

A

it absorbs light energy to power oxygen production

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6
Q

Which of the following kinds of organisms are best adapted to habitats that are frequently subject to unpredictable and severe environmental fluctuations?

A

r-selected organisms

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7
Q

What type of bond joins oxygen to hydrogen within a single water molecule?

A

polar covalent bond

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8
Q

The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a particular element is a/n

A

atom

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9
Q

A carbohydrate monomer is called a/n

A

monosaccharide

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10
Q

Which of the following RNA sequences would bond to this DNA strand: AATAG?

A

UUAUC

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11
Q

What part of a cell membrane is fluid and can move from side to side, past other components of the membrane?

A

the lipid bylayers

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12
Q

An enzyme-substrate complex is composed of which of the following?

I. enzyme

II. substrate

III. coenzyme

A

both I and II correct

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13
Q

If a cell is hypotonic in relation to its environment. Will this cell gain or lose water?

A

lose

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14
Q

A covalent bond occurs when…

A

two atoms share an electron

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15
Q

Which of the properties of water allow life to exist in a lake when the temperature is below freezing?

A

Solid is less dense than liquid

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16
Q

The nearly universal nature of the genetic code supports the view that

A

all living organisms on Earth share a common ancestor

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17
Q

Which statement is FALSE about a cell’s cytoskeleton?

A

all of these are true statements

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18
Q

Which of the following is critical in limiting the size to which an animal cell may grow?

A

The ratio of cell surface to cell volume correct

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19
Q

Protein synthesis is the main function of which of the following structures?

A

Ribosome

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters contained in vesicles enter the synapse through

A

exocytosis

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21
Q

All of the following statements about enzymes are true EXCEPT

A

Enzymes can function only within living cells.

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22
Q

Which of the graphs below illustrates the effect of substrate concentration on the initial rate of reaction when a limited amount of enzyme is present?

A

(D)

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23
Q

When a protein is heated, which of the following will most likely be disrupted?

A

The tertiary structure

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24
Q

Which of the following best describes the primary function of chlorophyll in an organism?

A

it absorbs light energy to power oxygen production

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25
Q

What do the light reactions produce that is used in the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

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26
Q

Shown above is the absorption spectrum of a compound of biological importance. If a person with normal human color vision viewed this compound under ordinary white light, what color would it appear to be?

A

Green

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27
Q

If chlorophyll looks green, which wavelengths of light does it reflect?

A

green

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28
Q

Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport system?

A

O2

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29
Q

In a eukaryotic cell, glycolysis occurs in which of the following parts of the cell?

A

Cytosol

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30
Q

AMP is which type of molecule?

A

A nucleotide

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31
Q

A typical photosynthetic eukaryotic cell contains which of the following?

I. Ribosomes

II. Chloroplasts

III. Mitochondria

A

I, II, and III

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32
Q

Which of the following is a function of ATP?

A

It transports energy.

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33
Q

The original description of the pathway shown above is attributed to

A

Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson correct

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34
Q

The aerobic cellular respiration of glucose is different from the simple burning of glucose in that the aerobic respiration of glucose

A

occurs at a lower temperature

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35
Q

Meiosis of a diploid cell results in

A

four haploid cells correct

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36
Q

During what phase of mitosis does chromatin condense into chromosomes?

A

prophase

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37
Q

The process by which the nuclei of somatic(body) cells divide is known as

A

Mitosis

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38
Q

The process by which haploid cells are formed from diploid cells is known as

A

Meiosis

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39
Q

A mouse fibroblast cell divides approximately every

A

22 hours

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39
Q

DNA is synthesized during

A

stage II

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40
Q

The daughter cells separate during

A

stage IV

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41
Q

How does the amount of DNA present during stage I compare with the amount present during stage III ?

A

It is half as much as that present during stage III.

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42
Q

What is meant by “redundancy” in gene expression?

A

each amino acid can have more than one codon

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43
Q

A virus can transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another through which process?

A

transduction

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44
Q

The codon for a particular amino acid is 5’CAU3’. The DNA sequence that complements this codon is

A

3’GTA5’

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45
Q

Viral DNA would be most likely to contain genes that code for

A

viral-coat protein

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46
Q

Which of the following is generally true about bacterial viruses?

A

They inject their nucleic acids into the cells that they infect

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47
Q

The patterns of bands in the different lanes result from which of the following?

A

Different sizes of fragments in the samples in different lanes

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47
Q

The terms “EcoRI,” “HaeIII,” and “HindIII” refer to which of the following?

A

The restriction enzymes used

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48
Q

In this gel, the smallest fragments are

A

at the bottom of the gel, furthest from the wells

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49
Q

Which of the following is the most probable explanation for the different numbers of fragments in the different lanes?

A

There were more HindIII cut sites than HaeIII or EcoRI cut sites. correct

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49
Q

Restriction enzymes cut samples of DNA into fragments by first

A

binding to specific sequences of nucleotides correct

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50
Q

Based on the information in the table, which of the following substitutions is synonymous?

A

UUG to CUG

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51
Q

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of events in the synthesis of a protein molecule?

A

DNA, mRNA, tRNA, formation of polypeptide

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52
Q

Effects of Environmental Conditions on Transpiration

Environmental Condition Water Loss(mL/m^2/hr)
Standard room 4
Bright light 6
Wind 8
Misting around plant 2
Polluted environment 3
Which of the conditions serves as the control?

A

Standard Room

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53
Q

Effects of Environmental Conditions on Transpiration

Environmental Condition Water Loss(mL/m^2/hr)
Standard room 4
Bright light 6
Wind 8
Misting around plant 2
Polluted environment 3
Based on the results of the experiment, water movement through plants occurs most rapidly under which of the following conditions

A

a windy environment

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53
Q

Water and minerals enter a plant through which of the following?

A

roots

54
Q

Which of the following is the primary function of phloem?

A

sugar transport

55
Q

The sporophyte generation produces

A

spores via meiosis

56
Q

Which hormone is produced mostly in plant shoot tips and causes shoot elongation?

A

auxin

57
Q

The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have

A

a common embryological origin

57
Q

The greatest diversity of structure and of methods of locomotion is exhibited in the individuals of

A

a phylum

58
Q

Evidence that multicellular green plants may have evolved from green algae is best supported by the fact that in both

A

chlorophylls a and b are photosynthetic pigments

59
Q

Which of the following statements best explains the hypothesis that the development of sexual reproduction has resulted in acceleration of the rate of evolution?

A

Sexual reproduction is more likely to result in genetic recombination than is asexual reproduction.

60
Q

Which of the following pairs of organisms are most closely related?

A

Canis latrans and Canis lupus

61
Q

Birds are most closely related to which class?

A

Reptiles

62
Q

Which class includes animals that have a moist skin as the primary organ for gas exchange in the adults?

A

Amphibians

63
Q

Which class includes whales?

A

Mammals

64
Q

Members of which class produce milk for their young in specialized skin glands?

A

Mammals

65
Q

Which class includes snakes?

A

Reptiles

66
Q

The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have

A

a common embryological origin correct

67
Q

A given trait occurs in two alternative types, M and m, in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If 49 percent of the population has only type M alleles, what percentage of the population is expected to be heterozygous for the trait?

A

42%

68
Q

A population of mice in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will exhibit which of the following conditions?

A

Random mating correct

69
Q

Considering the role of mitochondria in cells, mitochondria would likely be most abundant in which of the following?

A

cells of the heart muscle

69
Q

Evolution in action is seen in the case of the English peppered moth (Biston betularia). The proportion of melanic forms in the population, once increasing in areas of heavy soot pollution, is now decreasing. The most probable explanation of this is which of the following?

A

Selection pressure has been reversed because of environmental quality control.

70
Q

A new organism is found with the following characteristics:

  • A terrestrial lifestyle
  • A segmented exoskeleton
  • Wings

The new organism is most likely a member of which of the following phyla?

A

Arthropoda

71
Q

Nitrogen-containing waste products are excreted as the result of the metabolism of which of the following?

A

proteins

72
Q

A diet with insufficient iodine will most likely lead to which of the following symptoms in an individual?

A

decreased metabolic rate

73
Q

All of the following substances are potentially major sources of energy for the human body EXCEPT

A

vitamins

74
Q

Thirst, loss of weight, and sugar in the urine result from the undersecretion of a hormone by which of the following glands?

A

Pancreas

74
Q

A frog skeletal muscle contracts in response to an electrical stimulus. Increase of the stimulus intensity by 50 percent will increase the strength of response nearly 50 percent. If the intensity is again increased 50 percent, the response will increase only about another 25 percent. Further increase in the stimulus intensity produces no further increase in response. The observations above are best explained by which of the following?

A

The fibers of a muscle have varying

75
Q

Which of the following best describes the effect on heart action of the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve?

A

There is a decrease in the heartbeat rate.

76
Q

The clotting process in blood is initiated by

A

platelets

77
Q

A patient is placed on a restricted diet of water, pure cooked starch, olive oil, adequate minerals, and vitamins. If a urinalysis several weeks later reveals the presence of relatively normal amounts of urea, the urea probably came from the

A

deamination of cellular proteins

78
Q

Which of the following elements is correctly linked to its role in a living organism?

A

Carbon .. component of lipids

79
Q

Carbon dioxide is produced by which of the following?

I. A mesophyll cell in a flowering plant during the night

II. A muscle cell in a mammalian heart during contraction

III. A yeast cell growing under anaerobic conditions

A

I, II, and III

80
Q

A diet with insufficient iodine will most likely lead to which of the following symptoms in an individual?

A

Decreased metabolic rate

81
Q

Which of the following structures is correctly paired with its function?

A

Nephron .. filtration

82
Q

Which of the following are hollow?

I. zygote

II. morula

III. blastula

A

III only

83
Q

The process by which a zygote is formed is known as

A

fertilization

84
Q

Which of the following membranes is correctly matched to its function?

A

dura mater .. brain protection

85
Q

In a particular mammal, the egg has a haploid number of 8. How many chromosomes are in the somatic cells of that organism?

A

16

85
Q

If the allele for white flowers (W) is completely dominant over the allele for red flowers (w), what phenotype would you expect for a plant with a ‘ww’ genotype?

A

red

86
Q

Which of the following is an example of a testcross?

A

A?x aa

87
Q

Examination revealed that all of the 56 red-eyed offspring were females and all of the 56 white-eyed offspring were males. This observation indicates that

A

the gene for red or for white eye color is carried on the X chromosome

87
Q

With respect to body color, the male parent of the 112 offspring was most probably

A

homozygous black

88
Q

In this experiment, the number of offspring that exhibit both recessive characters is

A

27

89
Q

In a particular plant species, the allele for tall plants is dominant and the allele for dwarfing is recessive. Which of the following is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring from a cross between a heterozygous plant and a dwarf plant?

A

1 tall plant : 1 dwarf plant

90
Q

Individual I most likely has the same genotype for the condition as

A

Individual IV

91
Q

In some horses, the coat is a mixture of red and white hairs, called roan. Roan horses have one white-haired parent and one red-haired parent.

This exhibits which of the following inheritance patterns?

A

Codominance

91
Q

If the parents of Individuals I, II, and III have a second daughter, what is the probability that the daughter will exhibit the condition?

A

50%

92
Q

Of the following, which is an example of a mutualistic relationship?

A

the protozoan Trichonympha digesting wood in the gut of a termite

92
Q

Which of the following kinds of organisms are best adapted to habitats that are frequently subject to unpredictable and severe environmental fluctuations?

A

r-selected organisms

92
Q

If poorly drained soils encourage the growth of bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrogen, the effect on higher plants will be to

A

decrease protein production

92
Q

Deposits of coal in Greenland and the Antarctic indicate that

A

these regions were once thickly vegetated

93
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?

A

radiant energy is converted into chemical energy in plant photosynthesis and then released as heat energy during cellular respiration

93
Q

Mistletoe is attached to the branches of trees such as sweet gum, from which it obtains water and some nutrients.

Due to this association, tree growth may be diminished. Which of the following terms describes the relationship between the two plants?

A

parasitism

93
Q

Which of the following best explains why a pictorial presentation of the biomass at each trophic level of an ecosystem is a pyramid?

A

the amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next

94
Q

A katydid is an insect. Its leaf-like appearance is an example of

A

cryptic coloration

95
Q

A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all of these birds are eliminated suddenly, which of the following would be the immediate observable consequence?

A

increased mortality in monkey species B

95
Q

Plants that live in the tundra are likely to have which of the following adaptations?

A

shallow root systems

95
Q

Which of the following biomes typically has the greatest annual precipitation?

A

tropical rain forest

96
Q

The most probable explanation for the relative masses of the first- and second-order consumers is that

A

each link in the food chain of an ecosystem has less available energy than the previous link has

96
Q

If the lake is assumed to be a typical ecosystem, the percent of radiant energy from the Sun reaching the lake that is trapped in photosynthesis is about

A

1%

97
Q

A population of crayfish exhibits wide variation in body size, which is a heritable trait. A species of fish that preys on crayfish has been introduced to the population, but the fish can only eat small crayfish. Which of the following is a likely prediction about the population of crayfish in the presence of the predator?

A

The population will have a larger average body size owing to directional selection.

98
Q

Which of the following are producers in an aquatic food chain?

A

Algae

99
Q

The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have

A

a common embryological origin

100
Q

The greatest diversity of structure and of methods of locomotion is exhibited in the individuals of

A

a phylum

101
Q

Evidence that multicellular green plants may have evolved from green algae is best supported by the fact that in both

A

chlorophylls a and b are photosynthetic pigments

102
Q

Which of the following statements best explains the hypothesis that the development of sexual reproduction has resulted in acceleration of the rate of evolution?

A

Sexual reproduction is more likely to result in genetic recombination than is asexual reproduction.

103
Q

Which of the following pairs of organisms are most closely related?

A

Canis latrans and Canis lupus

104
Q

Birds are most closely related to which class?

A

Reptiles

105
Q

Which class includes animals that have a moist skin as the primary organ for gas exchange in the adults?

A

Amphibians

106
Q

Which class includes whales?

A

Mammals

107
Q

Members of which class produce milk for their young in specialized skin glands?

A

Mammals

108
Q

Which class includes snakes?

A

Reptiles

109
Q

A given trait occurs in two alternative types, M and m, in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If 49 percent of the population has only type M alleles, what percentage of the population is expected to be heterozygous for the trait?

A

42%

110
Q

The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have

A

a common embryological origin

111
Q

A population of mice in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will exhibit which of the following conditions?

A

Random mating

112
Q

A new organism is found with the following characteristics:

  • A terrestrial lifestyle
  • A segmented exoskeleton
  • Wings

The new organism is most likely a member of which of the following phyla?

A

Arthropoda

113
Q

In which of the following ways do social insects benefit most from having several types or castes within the species?

A

the specialized structure of each caste permits division of labor and greater efficiency

113
Q

Evolution in action is seen in the case of the English peppered moth (Biston betularia). The proportion of melanic forms in the population, once increasing in areas of heavy soot pollution, is now decreasing. The most probable explanation of this is which of the following?

A

Selection pressure has been reversed because of environmental quality control.

114
Q

Which of the following statements about imprinting is NOT true?

A

the behavior pattern associated with imprinting is the result of reward or punishment

115
Q

Excess sewage can lead to the death of aquatic animals in a lake because sewage pollution promotes

A

oxygen depletion

116
Q

A katydid is an insect. Its leaf-like appearance is an example of

A

cryptic coloration

117
Q

Antenna protein

A

pigment molecule that directly absorbs light and transfers the energy absorbed to other pigment molecules

118
Q

Calvin cycle

A

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates using the energy and reducing power of ATP and NADPH

119
Q

Carotenoid

A

photosynthetic pigment that functions to dispose of excess energy

120
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

organism that can build organic molecules using energy derived from inorganic chemicals instead of sunlight

120
Q

Carbon fixation

A

process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic compounds

121
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

a form of chlorophyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light and consequently has a bluish-green color; the only pigment molecule that performs the photochemistry by getting excited and losing an electron to the electron transport chain

US HISTORY II (2 decks)

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