Biology course flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Chromosomes are located in a nucleus in which of the following?
I. Viruses
II. Prokaryotes
III. Eukaryotes
A
III only
2
Q
Meiosis of a diploid cell results in
A
four haploid cells
3
Q
Neurotransmitters contained in vesicles enter the synapse through
A
exocytosis
4
Q
Which of the following pairs of organisms have the closest evolutionary relationship?
I. Bacillus thuringiensis
II. Telmatobius peruvianus
III. Bacillus cereus
IV. Cereus peruvianus
V. Mesoplodon peruvianus
A
I and III
5
Q
Which of the following best describes the primary function of chlorophyll in an organism?
A
it absorbs light energy to power oxygen production
6
Q
Which of the following kinds of organisms are best adapted to habitats that are frequently subject to unpredictable and severe environmental fluctuations?
A
r-selected organisms
7
Q
What type of bond joins oxygen to hydrogen within a single water molecule?
A
polar covalent bond
8
Q
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a particular element is a/n
A
atom
9
Q
A carbohydrate monomer is called a/n
A
monosaccharide
10
Q
Which of the following RNA sequences would bond to this DNA strand: AATAG?
A
UUAUC
11
Q
What part of a cell membrane is fluid and can move from side to side, past other components of the membrane?
A
the lipid bylayers
12
Q
An enzyme-substrate complex is composed of which of the following?
I. enzyme
II. substrate
III. coenzyme
A
both I and II correct
13
Q
If a cell is hypotonic in relation to its environment. Will this cell gain or lose water?
A
lose
14
Q
A covalent bond occurs when…
A
two atoms share an electron
15
Q
Which of the properties of water allow life to exist in a lake when the temperature is below freezing?
A
Solid is less dense than liquid
16
Q
The nearly universal nature of the genetic code supports the view that
A
all living organisms on Earth share a common ancestor
17
Q
Which statement is FALSE about a cell’s cytoskeleton?
A
all of these are true statements
18
Q
Which of the following is critical in limiting the size to which an animal cell may grow?
A
The ratio of cell surface to cell volume correct
19
Q
Protein synthesis is the main function of which of the following structures?
A
Ribosome
20
Q
Neurotransmitters contained in vesicles enter the synapse through
A
exocytosis
21
Q
All of the following statements about enzymes are true EXCEPT
A
Enzymes can function only within living cells.
22
Q
Which of the graphs below illustrates the effect of substrate concentration on the initial rate of reaction when a limited amount of enzyme is present?
A
(D)
23
Q
When a protein is heated, which of the following will most likely be disrupted?
A
The tertiary structure
24
Q
Which of the following best describes the primary function of chlorophyll in an organism?
A
it absorbs light energy to power oxygen production
25
What do the light reactions produce that is used in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
26
Shown above is the absorption spectrum of a compound of biological importance. If a person with normal human color vision viewed this compound under ordinary white light, what color would it appear to be?
Green
27
If chlorophyll looks green, which wavelengths of light does it reflect?
green
28
Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport system?
O2
29
In a eukaryotic cell, glycolysis occurs in which of the following parts of the cell?
Cytosol
30
AMP is which type of molecule?
A nucleotide
31
A typical photosynthetic eukaryotic cell contains which of the following?
I. Ribosomes
II. Chloroplasts
III. Mitochondria
I, II, and III
32
Which of the following is a function of ATP?
It transports energy.
33
The original description of the pathway shown above is attributed to
Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson correct
34
The aerobic cellular respiration of glucose is different from the simple burning of glucose in that the aerobic respiration of glucose
occurs at a lower temperature
35
Meiosis of a diploid cell results in
four haploid cells correct
36
During what phase of mitosis does chromatin condense into chromosomes?
prophase
37
The process by which the nuclei of somatic(body) cells divide is known as
Mitosis
38
The process by which haploid cells are formed from diploid cells is known as
Meiosis
39
A mouse fibroblast cell divides approximately every
22 hours
39
DNA is synthesized during
stage II
40
The daughter cells separate during
stage IV
41
How does the amount of DNA present during stage I compare with the amount present during stage III ?
It is half as much as that present during stage III.
42
What is meant by “redundancy” in gene expression?
each amino acid can have more than one codon
43
A virus can transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another through which process?
transduction
44
The codon for a particular amino acid is 5'CAU3'. The DNA sequence that complements this codon is
3'GTA5'
45
Viral DNA would be most likely to contain genes that code for
viral-coat protein
46
Which of the following is generally true about bacterial viruses?
They inject their nucleic acids into the cells that they infect
47
The patterns of bands in the different lanes result from which of the following?
Different sizes of fragments in the samples in different lanes
47
The terms “EcoRI,” “HaeIII,” and “HindIII” refer to which of the following?
The restriction enzymes used
48
In this gel, the smallest fragments are
at the bottom of the gel, furthest from the wells
49
Which of the following is the most probable explanation for the different numbers of fragments in the different lanes?
There were more HindIII cut sites than HaeIII or EcoRI cut sites. correct
49
Restriction enzymes cut samples of DNA into fragments by first
binding to specific sequences of nucleotides correct
50
Based on the information in the table, which of the following substitutions is synonymous?
UUG to CUG
51
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of events in the synthesis of a protein molecule?
DNA, mRNA, tRNA, formation of polypeptide
52
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Transpiration
Environmental Condition Water Loss(mL/m^2/hr)
Standard room 4
Bright light 6
Wind 8
Misting around plant 2
Polluted environment 3
Which of the conditions serves as the control?
Standard Room
53
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Transpiration
Environmental Condition Water Loss(mL/m^2/hr)
Standard room 4
Bright light 6
Wind 8
Misting around plant 2
Polluted environment 3
Based on the results of the experiment, water movement through plants occurs most rapidly under which of the following conditions
a windy environment
53
Water and minerals enter a plant through which of the following?
roots
54
Which of the following is the primary function of phloem?
sugar transport
55
The sporophyte generation produces
spores via meiosis
56
Which hormone is produced mostly in plant shoot tips and causes shoot elongation?
auxin
57
The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have
a common embryological origin
57
The greatest diversity of structure and of methods of locomotion is exhibited in the individuals of
a phylum
58
Evidence that multicellular green plants may have evolved from green algae is best supported by the fact that in both
chlorophylls a and b are photosynthetic pigments
59
Which of the following statements best explains the hypothesis that the development of sexual reproduction has resulted in acceleration of the rate of evolution?
Sexual reproduction is more likely to result in genetic recombination than is asexual reproduction.
60
Which of the following pairs of organisms are most closely related?
Canis latrans and Canis lupus
61
Birds are most closely related to which class?
Reptiles
62
Which class includes animals that have a moist skin as the primary organ for gas exchange in the adults?
Amphibians
63
Which class includes whales?
Mammals
64
Members of which class produce milk for their young in specialized skin glands?
Mammals
65
Which class includes snakes?
Reptiles
66
The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have
a common embryological origin correct
67
A given trait occurs in two alternative types, M and m, in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If 49 percent of the population has only type M alleles, what percentage of the population is expected to be heterozygous for the trait?
42%
68
A population of mice in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will exhibit which of the following conditions?
Random mating correct
69
Considering the role of mitochondria in cells, mitochondria would likely be most abundant in which of the following?
cells of the heart muscle
69
Evolution in action is seen in the case of the English peppered moth (Biston betularia). The proportion of melanic forms in the population, once increasing in areas of heavy soot pollution, is now decreasing. The most probable explanation of this is which of the following?
Selection pressure has been reversed because of environmental quality control.
70
A new organism is found with the following characteristics:
* A terrestrial lifestyle
* A segmented exoskeleton
* Wings
The new organism is most likely a member of which of the following phyla?
Arthropoda
71
Nitrogen-containing waste products are excreted as the result of the metabolism of which of the following?
proteins
72
A diet with insufficient iodine will most likely lead to which of the following symptoms in an individual?
decreased metabolic rate
73
All of the following substances are potentially major sources of energy for the human body EXCEPT
vitamins
74
Thirst, loss of weight, and sugar in the urine result from the undersecretion of a hormone by which of the following glands?
Pancreas
74
A frog skeletal muscle contracts in response to an electrical stimulus. Increase of the stimulus intensity by 50 percent will increase the strength of response nearly 50 percent. If the intensity is again increased 50 percent, the response will increase only about another 25 percent. Further increase in the stimulus intensity produces no further increase in response. The observations above are best explained by which of the following?
The fibers of a muscle have varying
75
Which of the following best describes the effect on heart action of the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve?
There is a decrease in the heartbeat rate.
76
The clotting process in blood is initiated by
platelets
77
A patient is placed on a restricted diet of water, pure cooked starch, olive oil, adequate minerals, and vitamins. If a urinalysis several weeks later reveals the presence of relatively normal amounts of urea, the urea probably came from the
deamination of cellular proteins
78
Which of the following elements is correctly linked to its role in a living organism?
Carbon .. component of lipids
79
Carbon dioxide is produced by which of the following?
I. A mesophyll cell in a flowering plant during the night
II. A muscle cell in a mammalian heart during contraction
III. A yeast cell growing under anaerobic conditions
I, II, and III
80
A diet with insufficient iodine will most likely lead to which of the following symptoms in an individual?
Decreased metabolic rate
81
Which of the following structures is correctly paired with its function?
Nephron .. filtration
82
Which of the following are hollow?
I. zygote
II. morula
III. blastula
III only
83
The process by which a zygote is formed is known as
fertilization
84
Which of the following membranes is correctly matched to its function?
dura mater .. brain protection
85
In a particular mammal, the egg has a haploid number of 8. How many chromosomes are in the somatic cells of that organism?
16
85
If the allele for white flowers (W) is completely dominant over the allele for red flowers (w), what phenotype would you expect for a plant with a ‘ww’ genotype?
red
86
Which of the following is an example of a testcross?
A?x aa
87
Examination revealed that all of the 56 red-eyed offspring were females and all of the 56 white-eyed offspring were males. This observation indicates that
the gene for red or for white eye color is carried on the X chromosome
87
With respect to body color, the male parent of the 112 offspring was most probably
homozygous black
88
In this experiment, the number of offspring that exhibit both recessive characters is
27
89
In a particular plant species, the allele for tall plants is dominant and the allele for dwarfing is recessive. Which of the following is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring from a cross between a heterozygous plant and a dwarf plant?
1 tall plant : 1 dwarf plant
90
Individual I most likely has the same genotype for the condition as
Individual IV
91
In some horses, the coat is a mixture of red and white hairs, called roan. Roan horses have one white-haired parent and one red-haired parent.
This exhibits which of the following inheritance patterns?
Codominance
91
If the parents of Individuals I, II, and III have a second daughter, what is the probability that the daughter will exhibit the condition?
50%
92
Of the following, which is an example of a mutualistic relationship?
the protozoan Trichonympha digesting wood in the gut of a termite
92
Which of the following kinds of organisms are best adapted to habitats that are frequently subject to unpredictable and severe environmental fluctuations?
r-selected organisms
92
If poorly drained soils encourage the growth of bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrogen, the effect on higher plants will be to
decrease protein production
92
Deposits of coal in Greenland and the Antarctic indicate that
these regions were once thickly vegetated
93
Which of the following statements best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?
radiant energy is converted into chemical energy in plant photosynthesis and then released as heat energy during cellular respiration
93
Mistletoe is attached to the branches of trees such as sweet gum, from which it obtains water and some nutrients.
Due to this association, tree growth may be diminished. Which of the following terms describes the relationship between the two plants?
parasitism
93
Which of the following best explains why a pictorial presentation of the biomass at each trophic level of an ecosystem is a pyramid?
the amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next
94
A katydid is an insect. Its leaf-like appearance is an example of
cryptic coloration
95
A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all of these birds are eliminated suddenly, which of the following would be the immediate observable consequence?
increased mortality in monkey species B
95
Plants that live in the tundra are likely to have which of the following adaptations?
shallow root systems
95
Which of the following biomes typically has the greatest annual precipitation?
tropical rain forest
96
The most probable explanation for the relative masses of the first- and second-order consumers is that
each link in the food chain of an ecosystem has less available energy than the previous link has
96
If the lake is assumed to be a typical ecosystem, the percent of radiant energy from the Sun reaching the lake that is trapped in photosynthesis is about
1%
97
A population of crayfish exhibits wide variation in body size, which is a heritable trait. A species of fish that preys on crayfish has been introduced to the population, but the fish can only eat small crayfish. Which of the following is a likely prediction about the population of crayfish in the presence of the predator?
The population will have a larger average body size owing to directional selection.
98
Which of the following are producers in an aquatic food chain?
Algae
99
The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have
a common embryological origin
100
The greatest diversity of structure and of methods of locomotion is exhibited in the individuals of
a phylum
101
Evidence that multicellular green plants may have evolved from green algae is best supported by the fact that in both
chlorophylls a and b are photosynthetic pigments
102
Which of the following statements best explains the hypothesis that the development of sexual reproduction has resulted in acceleration of the rate of evolution?
Sexual reproduction is more likely to result in genetic recombination than is asexual reproduction.
103
Which of the following pairs of organisms are most closely related?
Canis latrans and Canis lupus
104
Birds are most closely related to which class?
Reptiles
105
Which class includes animals that have a moist skin as the primary organ for gas exchange in the adults?
Amphibians
106
Which class includes whales?
Mammals
107
Members of which class produce milk for their young in specialized skin glands?
Mammals
108
Which class includes snakes?
Reptiles
109
A given trait occurs in two alternative types, M and m, in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If 49 percent of the population has only type M alleles, what percentage of the population is expected to be heterozygous for the trait?
42%
110
The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have
a common embryological origin
111
A population of mice in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will exhibit which of the following conditions?
Random mating
112
A new organism is found with the following characteristics:
* A terrestrial lifestyle
* A segmented exoskeleton
* Wings
The new organism is most likely a member of which of the following phyla?
Arthropoda
113
In which of the following ways do social insects benefit most from having several types or castes within the species?
the specialized structure of each caste permits division of labor and greater efficiency
113
Evolution in action is seen in the case of the English peppered moth (Biston betularia). The proportion of melanic forms in the population, once increasing in areas of heavy soot pollution, is now decreasing. The most probable explanation of this is which of the following?
Selection pressure has been reversed because of environmental quality control.
114
Which of the following statements about imprinting is NOT true?
the behavior pattern associated with imprinting is the result of reward or punishment
115
Excess sewage can lead to the death of aquatic animals in a lake because sewage pollution promotes
oxygen depletion
116
A katydid is an insect. Its leaf-like appearance is an example of
cryptic coloration
117
Antenna protein
pigment molecule that directly absorbs light and transfers the energy absorbed to other pigment molecules
118
Calvin cycle
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates using the energy and reducing power of ATP and NADPH
119
Carotenoid
photosynthetic pigment that functions to dispose of excess energy
120
Chemoautotroph
organism that can build organic molecules using energy derived from inorganic chemicals instead of sunlight
120
Carbon fixation
process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic compounds
121
Chlorophyll a
a form of chlorophyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light and consequently has a bluish-green color; the only pigment molecule that performs the photochemistry by getting excited and losing an electron to the electron transport chain
