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Grace Biology > Biology - Core > Flashcards

Biology - Core Flashcards

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1
Q

Huntington’s disease is a faulty allele on which chromosome?

A

4

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2
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

A genetic disorder which affects the central nervous system.

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3
Q

What does HD cause?

A

Damage to nerve cells in certain areas of the brain.

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4
Q

Changes of Huntington’s Disease are…

A

Physical, mental and emotional - all are gradual.

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5
Q

Symptoms develop when…

A

Person reaches adulthood

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6
Q

Symptoms of HD include…

A

Tremors, clumsiness, memory loss, inability to concentrate,mood changes,

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7
Q

Who develops HD?

A

Everyone who inherits the allele.

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8
Q

HD is in which allele?

A

Dominant

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9
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is what in the UK?

A

The most common life threatening disease

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10
Q

CF affect what?

A

Cell membraines

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11
Q

Symptoms of CF include…

A

Thick mucus in the 1/ lungs 2/ gut 3/ pancreas
Difficulty breathing
Chest infections
Difficulty digesting food

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12
Q

Which allele is CF on?

A

Recessive

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13
Q

Will you always develop Cystic Fibrosis?

A

No, you can be a carrier

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14
Q

Is there a cure for CF.

A

No

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15
Q

The procedure for embryonic selection is called?

A

PGD - Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

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16
Q

When does PGD take place?

A

After fertilisation, before implantation

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17
Q

How many cells do the embryos divide into for PGD?

A

8

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18
Q

How many cells are tested in PGD?

A

1

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19
Q

What is the cell tested for in PGD?

A

To see if it carries the allele for a specific disease

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20
Q

Risks of PGD

A

Faulse results, discarded healthy embargo’s, decreased chance in embryo survival

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21
Q

Which test is done between 14-16 weeks?

A

Amniocentesis

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22
Q

What is Amniocentesis?

A

Amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus through a needle, and is then tested for diease

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23
Q

Risks of Amniocentesis?

A

0.5% chance of miscarriage

small chance of infection

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24
Q

When is Chronic Villus Testing done?

A

8-10 weeks

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25
Q

What happens with CVT?

A

catheter in vagina - into placenta - chronic villa from placenta removed - tested for disease

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26
Q

Reliability of testing?

A

no test is 100% reliable and so genetic testing will always have a number of outcomes

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27
Q

Ethical considerations?

A
  • should child be told if they carry the disease?
  • family members may not agree or want to know the results
  • if the test is positive - are you killing a child with an abortion/ forcing it to live unhappily
28
Q

What is ASEXUAL reproduction?

A

reproduction not involving sex - cells divide

29
Q

Which organisms reproduce asexually?

A
  • all bacteria
  • many plants
  • some animals
30
Q

What are the results of asexual reproduction?

A

two DAUGHTER cells are produced from the MOTHER cell - as they are the mother cell divided into two, they are exact genetic copies - clones

31
Q

How do changes happen to clones?

A

From environmental factors - food, water etc.

32
Q

What are runners?

A

shoots that will eventually break off and become new plants

33
Q

What is artificial cloning?

A

removing the nucleus from an adult cell and transferring it into an empty, unfertillised egg cell

34
Q

What is the importance of stem cells?

A

cloning depends on stem cells as they have the ability to become any cell type in the body

35
Q

What are the two types of stem cell?

A

embryonic, adult

36
Q

What are EMBRYONIC stem cells?

A

unspecialised, can develop into any cell (including more embryonic stem cells)

37
Q

What are ADULT stem cells?

A

unspecialised, can develop into most but not all cells

38
Q

What is a zygote?

A

the FIRST cell formed after the FERTILISATION of an EGG by a SPERM

39
Q

What cells can be used to treat some illnesses or injuries?

A

stem cells

40
Q

What happens once the zygote has divided 4 times (to reach 16 cells)?

A

the majority of cells in the embryo have become specialised

41
Q

How do cells become specialised?

A

certain genes are switched on/ off

42
Q

What follows cells becoming specialised?

A

the production of proteins specific only to that cell type

43
Q

What can specialised cells divide into?

A

the same type of specialised cell

44
Q

What are genes?

A

the basic unit for the instructions controlling how the cell develops functions, sections of DNA that describe how to make proteins

45
Q

Where are genes found?

A

in long DNA strands called chromosomes

46
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a long strand of DNA molecules, each consisting of two strands forming a double helix

47
Q

What is the main chromosome for human eye colour?

A

15

48
Q

What is variation?

A

differences between individuals of the same species

49
Q

What can variation be due to?

A

environmental or genetic factors (also a combination of both)

50
Q

Define genotype

A

the genetic make up of an individual

51
Q

Define phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an individual

52
Q

What are alleles?

A

different versions of the same gene

53
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

the alleles that control the development of a characteristic, even if there is only one

54
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

the alleles that require both chromosomes to have control over development

55
Q

Define homozygous

A

when two alleles are the same (DD, rr)

56
Q

Define heterozygous

A

when two alleles are different (Dr, rD)

57
Q

What are sex cells?

A

Eggs - ovaries

Sperm - testes

58
Q

How many copies of each chromosome do sex cells carry?

A

1 (23 total instead of 46/23 pairs)

59
Q

What determines the sex of an embryo?

A

a gene on the Y chromosome

60
Q

What is the sex determining gene called?

A

SRY gene

61
Q

What happens if the SRY gene is not present?

A

the embryo will develop into a female ( two X chromosomes)

62
Q

What happens after 6 weeks?

A

gonads start producing ANDROGEN

63
Q

What is androgen?

A

a male sex hormone - stimulates male reproductive organs to grow

64
Q

What causes infertility?

A

even with the presence of the y chromosome, androgen may not be detected and so all sex organs are produced other than the uterus

65
Q

Define Gonad

A

an organ that produces gametes; testes or ovaries

66
Q

What are gametes?

A

ovaries or testes

Grace Biology (3 decks)

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