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Biology 1202 > Biology Concepts Test 1 > Flashcards

Biology Concepts Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is evolution?

A

the transformation of the lifeforms on earth over time

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2
Q

what is creationism

A

states that all species were created exactly as they exist today

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3
Q

what are fossils

A

are preserved remnants or impressions of an organism or something related to an organism that lived in the past

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4
Q

what is catastrophism

A

the theory which states that the major changes in the Earths crust are the result of catastrophic events

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5
Q

what is uniformitatanism

A

the principle that profound change is the cumulative product of slow continuous process

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6
Q

what is natural selection

A

the differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of the organism from the environment

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7
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

the independent development of similarity between species as a result of their having similar ecological roles and selection pressures

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8
Q

what is analogous structures

A

have similarity due to convergent evolution rather than to decent forms from a common ancestor

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9
Q

what are homologous structures

A

are similar because of common ancestry

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10
Q

what are vestigial organs

A

have marginal or no importance to an organism. they are historical remnants of structures that had important function in ancestors

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11
Q

what is artificial selection

A

the selective breeding of domestic plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

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12
Q

what are the observations and inferences that Darwin made

A

O1: populations have potential for exponential growth
O2: population size is usually stable
I1: survival is a struggle and only a fraction survive
O3: traits are variable among individuals of a population
I2: survival is usually not random but is largely dependent upon heritable traits that are picked fro survival by nature
O4: most of those traits can be inherited
I3: unequal survival of individuals will lead to gradual change in population

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13
Q

what is a population

A

a localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species

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14
Q

what is a Cline

A

a graded variation in a trait that parallels a gradient in the environment

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15
Q

what is population genetics

A

the study of how populations change genetically over time

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16
Q

what is a gene pool

A

the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time

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17
Q

what is gene flow

A

the genetic additions to or subtractions from a population resulting from movement of fertile individuals or gametes

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18
Q

what is genetic drift

A

the unpredictable fluctuations in allies frequencies from one generation to the next because a populations finite size

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19
Q

what is the bottleneck effect

A

a drastic reduction in population size

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20
Q

what is the founder effect

A

a few individuals colonize a new habitat

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21
Q

what is inbreeding

A

individual in a population mates with close members

22
Q

what is assertive mating

A

individuals mare with similar phenotypes

23
Q

what is intrasexual selection

A

the direct competition among individuals (usually males) for a mate of the opposite sex

24
Q

what is intersexual selection

A

the selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually female) are choosy in selecting a mate of the opposite sex

25
Q

what is a directional mode

A

shifts the population to one extreme

26
Q

what is disruptive mode

A

shift the population to both extremes and away from the middle

27
Q

what is a stabilizing mode

A

reduced phenotypic variation

28
Q

what is the biological species concept

A

a population or group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations

29
Q

what is the morphological species concept

A

defines by measureable anatomical criteria

30
Q

what is the ecological species concept

A

a species in terms of ecological role (niches). based on behavior

31
Q

what is the phylogenetic species concept

A

an irredictible group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who posses a combination of certain or defining traits

32
Q

wha is speciation

A

the origin of how species as a result of evolution

33
Q

what are the two main components of speciation

A

isolation of the population

genetic diversity

34
Q

what are reproductive barriers

A

are the existence of any factors that impede members of two species from producing viable fertile offspring

35
Q

what is prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

hinders zygotes formation

36
Q

what is geographical isolation

A

prevents populations from interbreeding but if the species are put togethers they may mate

37
Q

what is ecological isolation

A

isolation based of where they choose to live

38
Q

what is temporal isolation

A

breeding seasons occur a different times

39
Q

what is behavioral isolation

A

wrong type of mating dance

40
Q

what is mechanical incompatibly

A

physiological barrier

41
Q

what is gametic incompatibly

A

sperm and eggs are chemically matched

42
Q

what is post zygotic isolation mechanisms

A

hinders zygote development and propagation

43
Q

what is hybrid viability

A

offspring are weak or lack survival skills

cannot build a proper nest

44
Q

what is hybrid fertility

A

hybrid is sterile or has greatly diminished fertility

45
Q

what is hybrid breakdown

A

the initial hybrid is viable and fertile but subsequent generations
have either reduced viability, reduced fertility or both

46
Q

what is allotropic speciation

A

is a mode of speciation included when an ancestral population becomes separated by a geographic barrier or itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations

47
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

is a mode of speciations occurring as a result of radical change in genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population

48
Q

what is autopolyploidy

A

individual had more than two sets of chromosomes, all derived from a single species

49
Q

what is allopolyploidy

A

species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

50
Q

what are hybrid zone

A

are regions where two related populations that diverged after becoming geographically isolated makes secondary contact and interbreed where their geographical ranges overlap

Biology 1202 (1 decks)

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