Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards
what is Population?
Is a group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area.
What is a niche?
Is a role an individual species plays in their ecosystem and how it interacts with the environment and other species.
what is density?
The number of organisms in a given area.
Distribution limits-
- The environment limits the geographic distribution
- Organisms can only compensate so much
-no single species can tolerate the full range of earth’s environments.
what is distribution?
The spatial arrangement of a species population within a given geographic area. size, shape, and location of the area occupied
what is abundance?
The sum total of individuals from a given species within a given area. Total biomass of individuals.
What is habitat tolerance?
A range of environmental conditions that a particular species can successfully survive and reproduce in.
Fundamental niche?
Environmental conditions under which a species might live, absent interactions with other species
Realized niche?
Actual niche, including limitations imposed by biotic interactions of competition, predation, disease, and parasitism.
realized niche is ___ than fundamental niche
smaller
specie interactions-
disease, predation, parasitism, and competition.
How does the environment limit the distribution of kangaroos?
The CLIMATE influences the distribution patterns both directly and indirectly.
Climate influences:
-food production
-water supply
-habitat
-incidence of parasites, pathogens, competitors, and forgotten mutaulist.
How does the environment limit the distribution of barnacles? Both Balanus and Chthamalus
Balanus: are more vulnerable to desiccation, excluding it from the upper intertidal zone.
Chthamalus appears to be excluded from lower areas due to competition with Balanus.
Tiger beetle distribution is confined to____?
cool and moist habitats.
How does the environment limit the distribution of Encelia plants?
By water availability, and their tolerance to drought conditions.
what can cause the realized niche to actually be larger than the fundamental niche?
Mutualism b/c expands the conditions in which a species can thrive.
Local distribution: clumped=
when sources are patchy , or organisms from social groupings
Local distributions: Random=
When the resources are found throughout an area and organisms do not strongly influence each other.
Local distribution: Regular (uniform)=
Occurs when individuals hold territories or otherwise compete for space.
How does the distribution of Creosote bush change overtime?
Philips and MacMahon found distributions of desert shrubs changed from clumped to regular patterns.
What process caused Creosote Bush to be clumped?
-seeds germinate to safe sites
-seeds do not disperse from parent areas.
-asexual reproduction
what process caused Creosote bush to be regular?
due to competition among plants mortality, which eventually creates regular competition
What is the large-scale distribution of individuals in a population?
-Bird population across North America
-Clumped patterns occur in species with widespread or restricted distributions
-At large scales, Birds are clumped
Population Density ______ as body size increases.
Decreases
