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Science Gr 10 > Biology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hierarchy?

A

An organizational structure, with more complex or important things at the top and simpler or less important things below it

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2
Q

What is the order of the levels and their meaning?

A

Cellular Level: the simplest level or organization

Tissue Level: A collection of similar cells that perform a particular, but limited function

Organ Level: A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function

Organ System Level: A system of one or more organs and structure that work together to perform a major vital body function

Organism Level: A system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function

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3
Q

Why are organ systems more complex than those of specialized cells?

A

Organ systems are more complex as they coordinate the interaction of multiple of organs to execute an important function for the body. Organ systems can include different organs, tissues, cells, and specialized cells.

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4
Q

What are the main functions of living things and the systems involved?

A

Breathing (respiratory)
Eating/digesting (digestive)
Eliminating waste (digestive and urinary)
Reproduction (reproductive)
Transporting things throughout the body (circulatory)
Responding to the environment: (nervous and musculoskeletal)

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5
Q

Why isn’t there a hierarchy organization of single-celled organisms?

A

Single-celled organisms have only one cell. Hence, cells cannot be specialized in a certain task

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6
Q

What are the four major types of tissue that animals have?

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nerve Tissue

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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A
  • forms a lining on all internal and external surfaces of the body
  • thin sheets of tightly packed cells, covering surfaces and lining internal organs
  • functions to protect from dehydration and ensure low friction
  • this tissue is found on the outer layer of skin
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8
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, a solid, or a gel, known as a matrix
  • It supports, protects, and gives structure to other organs in the body
  • you can find this tissue in the bones, tendons, and blood
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9
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A
  • bundles of long cell called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening or contracting
  • important for movement
  • can be found in any muscles, such as the heart
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10
Q

What is nerve tissue?

A
  • long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends, capable of conducting electrical impulses
  • allows for sensory information, communication within the body, and coordination of body functions.
  • found throughout the body, but especially in the brain
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11
Q

What is the definition of tissue?

A

A collection of similar cells that perform a particular but limited function

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12
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function

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13
Q

What is the definition of an organ system?

A

A system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function, such as digestion or reproduction

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14
Q

What is the meaning of cellular differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function

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15
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells

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16
Q

What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells?

A

Embryonic cells
- only found during the first week of development
- can become any type of cell in the body

Tissue stem cells:
- they can differentiate into a limited set of cell types, specific to their tissue or origin
- found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including bone marrow, blood, skin, and brain

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17
Q

Why are the stem cells from the umbilical cord considered to be tissue stem cells?

A

Because embryonic cells are only found during the first week (7 days) of a child’s development.
Tissue stem cells are used to describe any stem cells that are not found in embryos.

Also, they are considered stem cells because they contain cells that can turn into all types of blood cells, which can be used to treat various diseases such as childhood cancer.

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18
Q

What is an embryo?

A

The early developmental stage of an organism

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19
Q

What is the benefit of harvesting stem cells?

A

It is valuable because the cells can become different types of specialized cells that can be used for various purposes:

  • restoring blood cell production after cancer treatments
  • repairing damaged tissues
  • potentially offering treatment for various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases
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20
Q

What is the difference between deceased and living organ transplants?

A

Deceased:
- can offer more organs
- no risk of issues during surgery such as infection (for that who is deceased, but there is a risk for that who is receiving the organ)

Living
- can offer less organs
- risk of infection for both

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21
Q

What are the similarities between deceased and living organ transplants?

A
  • risk of infection during surgery
  • must be compatible
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22
Q

Explain why one’s body would reject an organ?

A

If the tissue of the donor and recipient is very different, the body of the recipient might recognize the organ as a foreign material, causing the immune system to destroy/reject it.

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23
Q

What are the 2 risks of organ donation?

A
  1. The recipient may reject the organ
  2. there is always a chance that things will go wrong during surgery such as infection
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24
Q

Which type of organ transplant is more common? Why?

A

Deceased as there are many people that die each year, those who are dead have many more organs to offer, and there is not a fear that those who are deceased will need their organs

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25
What is xenotransplantation?
The transplantation of animal organ for humans.
26
What organs make up the digestive system?
The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, rectum, and anus. The accessory organs include the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder.
27
What are the accessory organs and why are they called this?
The accessory organs include the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. An accessory organ is a structure that assists the functionality of other organs in a system
28
What kind of tissue is the entire digestive system lined with? Why?
Epithelial tissue because it has other types of cells with specific purposes to the digestive system. One example of these cells is goblet cells, which secrete mucous.
29
What are the two purposes of mucous?
1. It protects the digestive tube (the long path from the mouth to the anus) from digestive enzymes 2. It allows materials to pass smoothly along the tube
30
What are the two ways that the mouth begins to break down food?
1. Mechanically - with teeth and tongue 2. Chemically - with an enzyme called salivary amylase (made by epithelial tissue in the mouth), which breaks down carbohydrates/starches.
31
What is an enzyme?
A chemical that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
32
The esophagus is a muscular tube, connecting your mouth to your stomach. What kind of tissue is it lined with an why?
It is lined with smooth muscle tissue, which contracts and relaxes without conscious thought (it is controlled by nerve tissue). This contraction and relaxation helps to move food along.
33
What is the main function of the stomach?
To hold and churn food to aid in digestion
34
Enzyme producing cells in the stomach are called what?
There are enzyme-producing cells called PEPSIN.
35
What is the purpose of PEPSIN in the stomach?
They release hydrochloric acid to help chemically digest food
36
Why is the stomach lined with mucous?
To prevent it from being harmed from its own acids
37
Why is the stomach lined with nerves
Because the nerves send fullness signals to the brain
38
What are the intestines lined with?
Many, thin blood vessels, smooth muscle tissues that contract and relax to move food along, and with epithelial cells that produce mucous
39
What are the two different intestines and their differences?
Small intestine: - 6m in length - relatively narrow - Enzymes break down food into smaller molecules, and these nutrients diffuse into the bloodstream - Some of the enzymes that exist there include: lactase (digests lactose), sucrase (digests sucrose), and lipase (digests fat). Large intestine: - 1.5 meters in length - larger in diameter - absorbs water from indigestible foods
40
What are some of the enzymes found in the small intestine and their purpose?
Lastase: Digests lactose Sucrase: Digests sucrose Lipase: Digests fats
41
What is the function of the rectum?
- Stores feces from the large intestine
42
What is the function of the anus?
- facilitates the elimination of feces from the digestive system
43
What is the purpose of the liver?
- the liver produces bile which is used to help break down fats consumed - bile is stored in the gall bladder
44
What is the purpose of the gall bladder?
- stores bile
45
What is the purpose of the pancreas?
- The pancreas produces insulin, which is used to regulate glucose (sugar) in the blood.
46
What are the 3 types of tissue that the digestive system is lined with?
- smooth muscle tissue - epithelial tissue - connective tissue - nerves
47
What is the function and purpose of connective tissue?
Connective tissue supports, protects, and gives structure to other itssues and organs in the body
48
Why is digestion important?
It is necessary because it breaks down food into smaller, usable nutrients that the body uses for energy, growth and repair
49
What are the things that are added to food during the digestive process?
- amylase - sucrase - lipase - lactase - bile - insulin
50
What do the cells in our body need constantly?
Oxygen and nutrients, and the disposal of carbon dioxide and waste
51
Which system ensures that the cells receive the oxygen and nutrients they need, along with the disposal of carbon dioxide and waste?
The circulatory system through the transportation of blood
52
What are the 3 main parts of the heart?
Blood, the heart, and blood vessels
53
What are the 4 components the blood is made up of?
1. red blood cells 2. white blood cells 3. platelets 4. plasma
54
What are white blood cells and their functions?
- make up less than 1% of the blood volume - infection-fighting cells
55
What are platelets and their functions?
- less than 1% of blood volume - help in blood-clotting
56
What are red blood cells and their functions?
- make up half of the bloods volume - contain a protein called hemoglobin, which allows them to transport oxygen throughout the body
57
What is plasma and its function?
- makes up over half the cells volume - protein-rich, yellow-pale liquid that carries blood cells along
58
What are the 3 different types of tissue that the heart is made up of?
1. Cardiac muscle tissue 2. nerve tissue 3. connective tissue 4. Epithelial tissue
59
What is the protein that red blood cells have?
Hemoglobin
60
What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
It allows the red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body
61
What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
- only found in the heart - assists in the contraction of the heart to pump blood
62
Explain the cycle of the circulatory system
1. The upper right chamber (right atrium) receives carbon dioxide-rich blood from the body 2. The carbon dioxide-rich blood moves into the lower right chamber (right ventricle), which pumps it to the lungs 3. Inside the lungs, the blood gets rid of the carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen again. 4. The upper left chamber (left atrium) receives the oxygen rich blood from the lungs 5. The oxygen-rich blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle, which pumps it into the rest of the body
63
What is it called if it is upper verses lower (circulatory system)
Upper: Atrium Lower: Ventricle
64
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
1. arteries 2. veins 3. capillaries
65
What are arteries and their function?
- Carry blood away from the heart - it's under greater pressure than the blood from other vessels (the walls of the arteries are much thicker to withstand this pressure)
65
What are veins and their function?
- They carry blood toward the heart - The blood in the veins is at a lower pressure, so the walls are not as thick - They have valves in them to prevent the backflow of blood
66
What are capillaries and their function?
- tiny, very narrow blood vessels - very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between the blood and other body fluids and tissues
67
What substances are carried by the circulatory system?
- blood - oxygen - carbon dioxide - nutrients - waste
68
How does the circulatory system interact with the digestive system?
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules, and the circulatory system then transports the absorbed nutrients through the bloodstream to cells and tissues.
69
What is an angiogram?
An angiogram is a type of X-ray. A fluorescent dye is injected into the artery, and X-ray scans are taken. The image is colourized by a computer, making the arteries especially visible. A white rectangle highlights the blockage in the artery's heart.
70
What tissue is in the blood?
Connective tissue
71
What tissue is in the blood vessels?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue
72
How is cardiac muscle tissue different to smooth muscle tissue?
- Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart - Cardiac muscle tissue goes through rhythmic contractions, even without nerve input, whereas smooth muscle tissue only contracts with nerve input.
73
What is the purpose/function of the respiratory system?
- responsible for providing the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide produced by the body as it uses energy for growth, repair and movement. - works in close collaboration with the circulatory system, which transports substances all throughout the body
74
Which organs/parts of the body are part of the respiratory system?
The lungs and other parts of the body that connect the lungs to the outside, such as the mouth, nose, pharynx (throat), larynx and trachea, which separates into 2 branches called bronchi (singular: bronchus). Those branches then divide into secondary bronchi, then tertiary bronchi, then bronchioles
75
Many epithelial cells have cilia (hairlike projections). What is their purpose in the respiratory system?
Cilia help to move mucus and filter out and foreign material that might enter the system
76
How does the trachea remain open?
It is supported by rings of cartilage
76
What is cartilage?
A special type of dense connective tissue consisting of specialized cells that are embedded in a matrix of strong but flexible collagen fibres. This matrix was formed by cells but is not actually living material
77
What is an alveolus?
A tiny sac of air in the lungs that is surrounded by a network of capillaries, where gas exchange takes place between air and blood. The alveoli have very thin walls for the efficient diffusion Oxygen and carbon dioxide must only diffuse through 2 thin walls: the walls of the capillaries and of the aveolus
77
When we breathe in, the volume of our lungs increase. What allows for this to happen?
- Muscles that move the ribs allow the ribs to expand and contract (intercostal muscles) - the diaphragm, a large sheet of muscle under the lungs
78
How is the brain involved in our breathing?
- There is a part of the brain that detects the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood - When the levels of carbon dioxide increase, the brain sends signals to the diaphragm, muscles between the ribs, and to the heart - the breathing rate increases, and the heart beats faster
79
What does the bone tissue consist of?
- bone cells - a matrix of minerals (mainly calcium and phosphorus) - collagen fibres
80
What do the canals inside of bones contain?
Nerves and blood vessels
81
What are ligaments?
- tough, elastic connective tissues that hold bones together at the joints - They are made up of mostly long fibres of collagen
82
What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange
83
What is the purpose of cartilage for the bones?
It provides strong, flexible, low-friction support, for bones and other tissues
84
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle tissue?
- Skeletal (voluntary) muscle tissue (primarily controls posture and movement) - Smooth (involuntary) muscle tissue (primarily found in certain organ systems such as the urinary and digestive system) - Cardiac muscle tissue (contracts without nerve input, and only on the heart)
85
What attaches muscles to bones?
Tendons
86
What is the main role of the skeleton?
To provide structure and support for the body Some organs also support some soft organs such as the skull, which supports the brain
87
What do bones store/contain?
Calcium and other minerals Some contain marrow, which produces red and white blood cells
88
How do muscles make bones move?
Muscles contract due to input from the nervous system. When the muscle contracts, it moves the one or more bones that the muscle is connected to.
89
Muscles cannot pull but they can push. True or false?
True
90
What is the difference between breathing and gas exchange?
Gas exchange is responsible for getting oxygen into the blood and removing carbon dioxide as a person breathes. Breathing is the movement of oxygen in and out of the lungs.
91
What are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system
to provide support, structure, and allow for movement. Also, some bones allow safety for soft organ, such as the skull protecting the brain.
92
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
They are both pieces of fibrous connective tissue, but a tendon is a piece that attaches muscles to the bones, whereas the ligaments connect bones to bones.
93
Why are skeletal muscle tissues considered voluntary?
Because we control how and when they move and work with the information from our nervous system
94
Why are older people more prone to bone fractures?
- Less calcium, estrogen, and testosterone cause weaker bones - Older people lose muscle mass much faster, which can cause them to move their bones more slowly
95
Explain how gas exchange occurs:
- You breathe in oxygen through the nasal or oral cavity - nose hair, cilia, and mucus trap and remove any dust or contaminants. Also, the air is humidified and warm - The oxygen will pass through your pharynx, larynx, and trachea - The trachea then divides into 2 bronchi (also called primary bronchi) - From there, the oxygen passes through the secondary bronchi, then the tertiary bronchi, and to the bronchioles - From the bronchioles, there are respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar ducts, which are surrounded by alveolar sacs - The alveoli is where the gas exchange occurs - The alveoli have thin walls and capillaries surrounding them - The red blood cells in the capillaries pick up the oxygen that was inhaled to deliver it throughout the body - the red blood cells also bring back carbon dioxide so that it can be exhaled
96
How does the circulatory system interact with the respiratory?
The red blood cells of the circulatory system carry the oxygen from the lungs (alveoli) to be sent around the rest of the body, and they bring back carbon dioxide so that it can exhaled
97
How does the nervous system interact with the respiratory system?
- The nervous system uses pH to regulate our breathing - Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions - the increase of carbon dioxide concentration leads to the increase of hydrogen ions - hence, with an increasing amount of carbon dioxide, the acidity increases as well - this acidity sends a signal to the brain to contract the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in order to increase the rate and depth of breathing
98
What is considered a normal blood pH?
7.4
99
How does the skeletal system work with the respiratory?
The ribs protect the lungs
100
How does the muscular system work with the respiratory?
The diaphragm, abdominal wall and intercostal muscles contract to increase the depth of breathing
101

Science Gr 10 (4 decks)

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