Biology: Chapter 2- Chemistry of living things Flashcards
negatively charged ions (created from extra electrons)
Anion
the study of matter and the changes it experiences.
Chemistry
the physical stuff that makes up the universe.
Matter
What is matter defined by?
anything that occupies space and has mass.
the basic building blocks of matter.
atom
What is the basic unit of matter?
Atom
What is the smallest possible particle of an element?
Atom
What are atoms made up of?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
What are valence electrons?
the outermost electrons
atom with an electrical charge.
Ion
negatively charged ions (created from extra electrons)
anion
positively charged ions (created from the loss of electrons)
Cation
pure substances made of only one kind of atom.
elements
Carbon, calcium, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, sodium, and sulfur are all what type of elements?
Essential elements
Iron, copper, zinc, fluorine, and iodine are all what type of elements?
Trace elements
the immaterial stuff that gets things done.
Energy
What makes up elements?
atoms
What are covalent compounds made up of?
neutral molecules
What are ionic compounds made up of?
Crystals, salts, and formula units
What do we call the tendency of energy to spread out?
entropy
List the five types of energy.
Thermal energy, acoustic energy, mechanical energy, light energy, and chemical energy.
What is one of the basic laws about the amount of matter and energy in the universe? State this law in your own words.
The First law of Thermodynamics. The First law of Thermodynamics states that the amount of matter and energy in the universe never changes.
Your stomach contains hydrochloric acid (HCI). As an acid, what properties does it have?
As an acid, the hydrochloric acid will be able to form hydrogen ions, it will be red or pink, it can dissolve or break down things, and will have a pH of 6-1.
What do we call the tendency of matter to spread out? What makes this happen?
We call the tendency of matter to spread out diffusion. Diffusion is caused by collisions between particles.
Ocean water has sodium chloride (NaCI), potassium chloride (KCI), calcium chloride (CaCI2) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) salts in it.
dentify the solvent(s) and solute(s) in ocean water. For ocean water, water is the solvent and sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium sulfate are the solutes.
What property of water makes it so good at dissolving substances? What else does this property help water do?
polarity. The polarity of water also helps it to move nutrients around, interact with other water molecules, and attract other substances besides water.
Describe the number and types of bonds that carbon forms.
Carbon forms four bonds. These four types of bonds are itself, single, double, and triple.
True or false. Only living things are made of matter.
False
True or false. It is possible for living things to add new energy to the universe, such as when plants make energy.
False.
True or false. Chemical changes can often be reversed by more chemical changes.
True
True or false. Salts are covalent compounds.
False; they are ionic
True or false. Sand floating around in seawater is an example of a solution.
False
True or false. Chemical reactions in living things usually happen without any help.
False; they happen with the help of activation energy.
True or false. Water has properties important to life that many other liquids lack.
True
True or false. Organic compounds are made of only carbon atoms.
False; they are made of carbon atoms and other elements.
A measurement of the average speed of the particles within a substance.
Temperature`
the tendency of energy to disperse.
Entropy`
the amount of matter and energy in the universe never changes.
First law of thermodynamics
cannot be created or destroyed.
Conservation
do not change a matter’s identity.
Physical changes
change a matter’s identity.
Chemical changes
Can chemical and physical changes be reversed?
Some can be reversed
stored chemical energy that holds two atoms together.
Bond
a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined.
Compound
What type of elements are ionic compounds made up of?
Metal and nonmetal
What type of elements are covalent compounds made up of?
Non metal and nonmetal
What do ionic compounds do with valence electrons?
Transfer valence electrons
What do covalent compounds do with valence electrons?
Share valence electrons
What is the smallest part of an ionic compound?
Formula unit
What is the smallest part of a covalent compound?
Molecule
What do ionic compounds tend to form?
Crystals or salts
a uniform mixture (the same from top to bottom)
Solution
two or more elements/compounds that are mixed together but not chemically bound together.
Mixture
something that does the dissolving.
solvent
the substance that is being dissolved.
Solute
the amount of solute packed into a solvent. The ratio between how much of the liquid you have and of the solute you have.
Concentration
forms hydrogen ions (H+)
Acid
forms hydroxide ions (OH-) or other ions that can accept H+.
Base
What is 6-1 on the pH scale?
Acids; they’re red or pink
What is 7 on the pH scale?
Water; its neutral
What is 8-14 on the pH scale?
Basic; green or purple
What are the two types of reactants?
Exothermic and endothermic
the energy needed to get a reaction started.
Activation energy (Ea)
True or false. Exothermic reactions produce heat.
True
a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.
Catalyst
Example of a catalyst
enzyme
What is responsible for most vital chemical reaction in living things?
Catalysts
where the substrate attaches to your enzyme
Active site
attaches to the active site and causes the reaction
Substrate
will stop the enzyme from working
inhibitor
True or false. Water is not a polar molecule.
False; it is a polar molecule.
the attraction of water molecules for each other.
Cohesion
the attraction of water molecules for other substances.
Adhesion
True or false. Of all the elements, carbon is the most significant to life.
True
molecules that contain carbon covalently bonded to other elements.
Organic compounds
True or false. Can form long chains and rings.
True
What are carbohydrates made up of?
Made up of carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens.
What do sugars typically end in?
-ose
What do enzymes typically end in?
-ase
Do carbohydrates give you quick energy?
Yes
What is most of your cell membrane made up of?
Lipids
Are lipids polar or nonpolar?
Nonpolar
True or false. Lipids are used to store energy.
True
What type of chemical compounds are butter, oils, and cholestorol categorized under?
Lipids
contain double or triple bonds
Unsaturated
contain only single bonds.
Saturated
What is the organic molecule that is necessary for life?
Lipids
What is the monomer of a protein?
amino acids
What is the smallest part of a protein?
Amino acids
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Base with nitrogen
A sugar
A phosphate group
What forms RNA and DNA?
Nucleic acid`
True or false. Both endothermic and exothermic reactions need energy to get jump started.
True
the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants because some of the chemical energy stored in the glucose is not stored in the water carbon and carbon dioxide. Instead. it escapes as heat and light.
exothermic reactions
A chemical change in which the reactants have less energy than the products.
Endothermic reaction
What are the most obvious sings of a chemical change?
The formation of a gas, a change in color, or the release of heat and light.
True or false. Particles are in constant random motion.
True
The attraction of water molecules for each other.
Cohesion
The process where water’s polarity allows it to attract other substances besides water.
Adhesion
True or false. Lipids are insoluble to water.
True; this is because they are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
Living things use this carbon compound to store energy.
Lipids
True or false. Saturated fats only have single bonds.
True
This carbon compound is a polymer of organic compounds.
Protein
What are the four groups that Amino acids have a central carbon bonded to?
An amine group. a carboxylic acid group, a hydrogen, and an R group.
True or false. Nucleic acids are like the blueprints that make us, us.
True
What do formula units do?
They build on each other to form crystals.
