Biology Chapter 12 Vocab. Flashcards
The scientific study of biological inheritance
Genetics
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
Fertilization
Specific characteristic of an individual
Trait
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Hybrid
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Gene
One of different forms of a gene
Allele
Mendel’s second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Principle of Dominance
Separation of alleles during gamete formation
Segregation
Sex cell
Gamete
the likelihood that a particular event will occur
probability
Having 2 identical alleles for a particular gene
Homozygous
Having 2 different alleles for a particular gene
Heterozygous
Physical characteristics of an organism
Phenotype
Genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
Diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross
Punnett Square
One of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
Independent assortment
cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
Incomplete dominance
a situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed
Codominance
a gene with more than 2 alleles
Multiple alleles
traits controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
a cell with two sets of homologous chromosomes
Diploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set genes
Haploid
a process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Meiosis
Structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis
Tetrad
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Crossing over
in chromosomes, one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent
Homologous
