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DAT > Biology: Ch. 2 Cells > Flashcards

Biology: Ch. 2 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Basic functional unit of all living things

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2
Q

Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)

A
  • Bounds the cell & encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Separates internal metabolic events from external environment
  • Controls movement into and out of the cell
  • Phospholipid bilayer
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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of organelles suspended in the cytosol

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Consists of water and dissolved substances such as proteins and nutrients

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5
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Attach loosely to the inner or outer surface of the protein

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6
Q

Integral proteins

A

Extend into the membrane; amphipathic

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7
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Integral proteins that span across the membrane and appear at both surfaces

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8
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Mosaic nature of scattered proteins within a flexible matrix of phospholipid molecules

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9
Q

Phospholipid membrane

A
  • Selectively permeable
  • Allows small, uncharged, polar molecules (H2O & CO2), hydrophobic molecules (O2 & lipid-soluble molecules) to pass
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10
Q

Channel proteins

A

Open passageways for hydrophilic substances (polar and charged molecules)

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11
Q

Ion channels

A

Passage of ions

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12
Q

Gated channels

A

Ion channel in nerve and muscle cells that responds to chemical or electrical stimuli

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13
Q

Porins

A

Allow passage of certain ions and small polar molecules

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14
Q

Aquaporins

A

Increase passage rate of H2O molecules in kidneys and plant roots

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15
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Binding to specific molecules (glucose) induces change of shape which transfers the molecule across

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16
Q

Transport proteins

A

Use ATP

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17
Q

Active transport

A

When energy is used to transport materials

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18
Q

Na+-K+ pump

A

Uses ATP to maintain higher concentrations of Na+ and K+ on opposite sides of the membrane; active transport

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19
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Gives each cell a unique identification which allows them to make a distinction between self and foreign; glycoprotein

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20
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with a short polysaccharide chain attached

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21
Q

Adhesion proteins

A
  • Attach cells to neighboring cells

- Provide anchors for internal filaments and tubules

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22
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Binding sites for hormones or other trigger molecules

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23
Q

Cholesterol

A

Distributed throughout lipid bilayer providing rigidity to the plasma membranes of animal cells; sterols provide similar function in plants

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24
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • Carbohydrate coat covering the outer face of the cell wall (some bacteria) or plasma membrane (certain animal cells)
  • Consists of various oligosaccharides attached to membrane phospholipids and proteins
  • Can provide adhesive capabilities, barrier to infection, cell-to-cell recognition
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25
Q

Organelles

A

Bodies within the cytoplasm that physically separate the various metabolic reactions

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26
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Bounded by nuclear envelope
  • Contains DNA in form of chromatin
  • One or more nucleoli
  • Site for separation of chromosomes
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27
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Consists of 2 phospholipid bilayers

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28
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA which is spread out within the nucleus as a threadlike matrix

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29
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed form of chromatin when cell begins to divide; made up of two long DNA molecules and various histone molecules

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30
Q

Histones

A

Organize the DNA into bundles (nucleosomes)

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31
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Bundles of DNA which make up the histones

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32
Q

Nucleoli

A

Concentrations of DNA in the the process of manufacturing the components of ribosomes

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33
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Subunits are manufactured in the nucleus and consist of RNA molecules and proteins
  • 60S + 40S = 80S
  • Assist in the assembly of amino acids into proteins
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34
Q

S value (Svedberg unit)

A

How readily a product forms a sediment in a centrifuge; larger value = larger heavier products

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35
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • Stacks of flattened sacs that produce various materials

- Smooth and rough

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36
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Ribosomes are present

- Create glycoproteins by attaching polysaccharide groups to polypeptides

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37
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Synthesis of lipids and hormones

- Breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products in liver cells

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38
Q

Golgi apparatus (Golgi complex or Golgi body)

A
  • Group of flattened sacs arranged like a stack of bowls

- Modify and package proteins and lipids into vesicles

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39
Q

Vesicles

A

Spherical sacs that bud from the Golgi apparatus which migrate to and merge with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell

40
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles from Golgi apparatus the contain digestive enzymes (low pH) that break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders (bacteria)

41
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Breakdown H2O2, fatty acids, and amino acids
  • Liver and kidney cells: breakdown toxic substances
  • Plant cells: modify by-products (CO2) of photorespiration
  • Germinating seeds: (called glyoxysomes) breakdown stored fatty acids to help generate energy for growth
42
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carry out aerobic respiration

43
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Process in which energy (ATP) is obtained from carbohydrates

44
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis

45
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Plant process of incorporating energy from sunlight into carbohydrates

46
Q

Three protein fibers & function

A
  • Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

- Establish shape of or coordinate movements of the cytoskeleton

47
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal structure of the cytoplasm

48
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Made of protein tubulin
  • Provide support and motility for cellular activities
  • Found in the spindle apparatus and flagella and cilia
49
Q

Spindle apparatus

A

Guides the movement of chromosomes during cell division

50
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Provide support for maintaining the shape of the cell

51
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Made of protein actin
  • Involved in cell motility
  • Found in muscle cells and cells that move by changing shape (phagocytes)
52
Q

Flagella

A

Long, few, move in snake-like motion

53
Q

Cilia

A

Short, many, move in back-and-forth movement

54
Q

Structure of flagella and cilia

A

Microtubules arranged in a “9+2” array–nine pairs of microtubules arranged in a circle surrounding a pair of microtubules

55
Q

Function/structure of centrioles and basal bodies

A
  • Act as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

- 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a circle

56
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Pair of centrioles in centrosome gives rise to the microtubules that make up the spindle apparatus
  • Lacking in plant cells
57
Q

Basal bodies

A
  • Organize the development of flagellum and cilium

- Present in lower plants

58
Q

Vacuoles and vesicles

A

Fluid-filled, membrane-bound bodies

59
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Move materials between organelles or between organelles and the plasma membrane

60
Q

Food vacuoles

A

Temporary receptacles of nutrients; merge with lysosomes which break down the food

61
Q

Storage vacuoles

A

In plants; store starch, pigments, and bacteria

62
Q

Central vacuoles

A
  • Large bodies occupying most of the interior of certain plant cells
  • Exert turgor (pressure) on cell wall which fully filled which maintains rigidity
  • Store nutrients and carry out lysosome-like functions
63
Q

Cell walls

A
  • Found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria
  • Develop outside the plasma membrane and provide support
  • Made of cellulose in plants and cellulose or chitin in fungi
64
Q

Extracellular matrix

A
  • In animals; area between adjacent cells
  • Provides mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells together
  • Occupied by fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins, and polysaccharides secreted by the cell (common substance is collagen)
65
Q

Cell junctions

A

Anchor cells to one another or provide passageway for cellular exchange

66
Q

Anchoring junctions

A
  • Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells

- Ex. desmosome

67
Q

Desmosome

A
  • Consists of proteins that bind adjacent cells together
  • Provides mechanical stability to tissues
  • Associated with protein filaments that extend into the cell and hold cellular structures together
68
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • Tightly stitched seams between animal cells
  • Junction completely encircles each cell producing seal that prevents passage of materials between cells
  • Present in lining of digestive tract
69
Q

Communicating junctions

A
  • Allow the transfer of chemical or electrical signals

- Types: Gap junctions and plasmodesmata

70
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • Narrow tunnels between animals cells consisting of proteins called connexins, which prevent the cytoplasms of each cell from mixing but allow passage of ions and small molecules
  • Allow communication through exchange of materials or transmission of electrical impulses
71
Q

Plamodesmata

A
  • Narrow channels between plant cells
  • Narrow tube of ER, called a desmotubule, surrounded by cytoplasm and the plasma membrane, passes through the channel (material exchange occurs through this cytoplasm)
72
Q

Present in plant cells, absent in animals cells

A

Cell walls, chloroplasts, central vacuoles

73
Q

Present in animal cells, absent in plant cells

A

Lysosomes, centrioles, cholesterol

74
Q

Eukaryotes

A

All organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria (prokaryotes)

75
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Lack all organelles; consist of plasma membrane, DNA molecule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and often a cell wall

76
Q

Difference of prokaryotes

A
  • No nucleus
  • Hereditary material: single “naked” DNA molecule
  • Ribosomes are smaller (50S + 30S = 70S)
  • Cell walls made from peptidoglycans (except archaebacteria which contain polysaccharides)
  • Flagella are not constructed of microtubules
77
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

Allows only specific substances to pass

78
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of solutes

79
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower concentration of solutes

80
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal concentration of solutes

81
Q

Bulk flow

A

Collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to force or pressure; blood in blood vessel

82
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement down concentration gradient; no energy required

83
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Net movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration as a result of random and constant motion of molecules

84
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane

- Hydrostatic pressure (or osmotic pressure) may build up; turgor pressure in plants

85
Q

Dialysis

A

Diffusion of solutes across selectively permeable membrane which different solutes are separated

86
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Movement of water out of a cell (osmosis) that results in the collapse of the cell

87
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • Diffusion of solutes or water through channel proteins in the plasma membrane
  • Aquaporins increase the rate of transfer of water by facilitated diffusion
88
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Diffusion of substances between two regions in which substances are moving by bulk flow in opposite directions

89
Q

Active transport

A
  • Movement of solutes against a gradient; requires energy

- Transport proteins transfer small ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides

90
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Uses vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm to move macromolecules or large particles across the plasma membrane

91
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release contents to the outside of the cell

92
Q

Endocytosis

A

Capture of a substance outside of the cell when the plasma membrane merges to engulf it; enters cytoplasm enclosed in a vesicle

93
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating; when undissolved material enters the cell–plasma membrane wraps around the solid material and engulfs it

94
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular drinking; when dissolved substances enter the cell–plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing the liquid to enter

95
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  • Form of pinocytosis when specific molecules bind to specialized receptors in coated pits
  • Pits, receptors, and molecules (ligands) fold inward and formation of a vesicle follows

DAT (3 decks)

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