Biology CFA Flashcards
Transcription
When the DNA stand splits up and starts to make another double stand helix by connecting the RNA based pair together
Translation
Which the ribosomes take a set of tRNA and matches the codons with the mRNA set which then releases each amino acid that makes a chain and forms the protein.
How to read a codon chart
First look on the outside of the box to the left and you will find your first letter. Then you need to look to the top of the chart and find the second letter. Last look on the right to find the third letter of your codon.
Genetic Disorders using Karyotypes
If a karyotype has more or less than 46 total chromosomes then there will be a genetic disorder.
Determining Sex by using Karyotype
The way you can determine the sex is by if it is a female then you will only see the x chromosomes. If it is a male then you will see x & y chromosomes.
Gene
The function or factor of the DNA. (Ex. Eyes)
Allele
The specific variation or train (Ex. Blue Brown, Hazel)
Dominant
Where the gene automatically over rules the recessive gene. (Ex. EE)
Recessive
When the gene only shows if both traits are the smaller less common traits. (Ex. ee)
Homozygous
When both copies of the allele are exactly the same (Ex. ss)
Heterozygous
When both copied of the allele are different but still from the same gene. (Ex. Ss)
Genotype
The genotype is the specific amount of genes that might be carried.
Phenotype
The actual trait that is shown
Punnett Squares
The first step will be that you first need to look at the genotype which is the letters of the situation. Then you need to figure out if it is heterozygous or homozygous. Heterozygous will be like Bb. Homozygous would be something like BB. Then you need to make your box and separate it into 4 different parts. Look at your two genotypes and put them on the upper side and the left side of the box. After that you fill in the box. You need to first look at the top then look at the left. After this you find out your probability of the trait. Automatically if there is an uppercase letter in each box then the dominate trait will win.
Incomplete Dominance
Because there is no dominating gene then both the traits mix their recessive traits together and make an entirely new trait.
Codominance
When two alleles are both dominate making both traits kind of overlap each other and both expressing out.
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
That Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be their own cells until they were eaten up and grouped together. They were a prokaryotic cell
Fossil Records
This tells us how different fossils look alike and which animals had bones. It also tells us about that specific organism and how it changed overtime
DNA Sequencing
This tells us how dna and protein sequencing can show us if we had a common ancestor and how long ago we split from each other.
Biogeography
This helps prove evolution by telling us how different animals adapt to different environments and tells us how close different animals adapt.
Embryology
This shows us examples on what embryos look alike and which ones grow the same pattern. This also tells us if the species has a common ancestor.
Homologous Structures
Animals that have the same features and bones but have totally different structures.
Natural Selection
When there is a species that evolves over time but a mutation happens. This is a variation. The mutation may or may not be beneficial to the environment causing half the species to die and the other to stay alive based off of if the mutation was helpful or not.
Some Survive/Some Dies
Depending on the mutation and the environment of the species, the mutation may have been helpful for the species. For example, if you have a bunny that is white but they live in the dessert, but then a mutation happens to where brown bunnies are made, the brown bunnies will survive longer than the white bunnies will because of the brown sand. They will be able to blend in.
