Biology Cell Theory and Organelles Exam

Question 1

What is Cell Theory?

Answer 1

• All living things made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of life
• All cells come from other cells

Question 2

Organisms may be:

Answer 2

• Unicellular (composed of one cell)
• Multicellular (composed of many cells that may be organized into:
  Tissues 🡪 Organs 🡪 Organ Systems

Question 3

The two main types of cells are:

Answer 3

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 4

All Cells have:

Answer 4

• Genetic Material (DNA or RNA)
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Ribosomes

Question 5

Organelles

Answer 5

• Organelles: Specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
• All cells have these four structures, but eukaryotic cells also have membrane-bound organelles.
• (Think of them as “mini organs” within the cell working together for one main purpose 🡪 TO MAKE PROTEINS!)

Question 6

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Answer 6

Structure:
- Surrounds the outside of ALL cells!
- Made of two layers (known as the Phospholipid Bilayer)

Job:
- Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 7

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 7

• 2 layers of fats
• Fats = phospholipids
• Have hydrophilic (likes water) heads and hydrophobic (dislikes water) tails
• Proteins embedded for transport
  Carbs embedded for structure
  It is called “Fluid Mosaic Model” because it is composed of many parts that move around freely

Question 8

Cytoskeleton

Answer 8

Structure:
- Threadlike fibers
- Made of proteins
- Usually not pictured in a cell diagram

Job:
- Give the cell shape
- Can also move organelles around
- Provide structural support for animal cells (who don’t have a cell wall)

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

Structure:
- Jelly-like substance
- Mainly made up of water

Job:
- Holds everything in place
- Where some chemical reactions take place

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

Structure:
- Contains genetic material (DNA)
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores that control what goes in and out

Job:
- Protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell

Question 11

Nucleolus

Answer 11

Structure:
- Inside of the nucleus

Job:
- Makes rRNA which make up ribosomes

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

Structure:
- Made of proteins and rRNA
- Located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm

Job:
- Make (synthesize) proteins!!!

Question 13

Rough ER

Answer 13

Structure:
- Has ribosomes on surface
- Hugs the nucleus

Job:
- Makes proteins!!!
- Packages them for secretion

Question 14

Smooth ER

Answer 14

Structure:
- No ribosomes on surface
- Attached to Rough ER

Job:
- Makes lipids (membrane)

Question 15

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 15

Structure:
- Folded membrane

Job:
- Gets vesicles of protein from the ER
- Vesicles: like mini-carts that transport proteins around the cell
- Processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed

Question 16

Lysosomes

Answer 16

Structure:
- ANIMAL CELLS ONLY!!
- Contain digestive enzymes

Job:
- Break down dead stuff (food, bacteria, old parts of cells, etc.)
- Can do programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 17

Vacuoles

Answer 17

Structure:
- Small and numerous in animal cells
- One large central one in plant cells

Job:
- Storage (water, nutrients, waste, etc.)

Question 18

Centrioles

Answer 18

Structure:
- ANIMAL CELLS ONLY!!
- Made of microtubules
- 2 centrioles together = Centrosome

Job:
- Appear during cell division
- Help cells divide by pulling chromosomes apart

Question 19

Cilia

Answer 19

Structure:
- ANIMAL AND BACTERIA CELLS ONLY!!
- shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars

Job:
- Move fluid across cell’s surface

Question 20

Flagella

Answer 20

Structure:
- ANIMAL AND BACTERIA CELLS ONLY!!
- Longer, fewer oars

Job:
- Move the entire cell through extracellular fluid

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

Structure:
- Two parts: inner membrane and matrix (fluid part)

Job:
- Where cellular respiration happens
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
- (Glucose + Oxygen + Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy)

• Breaks down chemical energy in food (glucose) to release usable energy in the form of ATP

Question 22

Chloroplast

Answer 22

Structure:
- Two parts: grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid)

Job:
- Where photosynthesis happens
- 6CO2 + 6H2O 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2
- (Carbon Dioxide + Water + Gluclose + Oxygen)

• Converts light energy from sun 🡪 chemical energy in sugar

Question 23

Cell Wall

Answer 23

Structure:
- PLANT CELLS ONLY!!
- 1st layer of the Plant Cell
- Made of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

Job:
- Protect and maintain shape

Question 24

Central Vacuole

Answer 24

Structure:
- PLANT CELLS ONLY!!
- 1 massive central structure
- Animal cells: Small Vacuoles
- Plant Cells: Large Vacuoles

Job :
- Storage center