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Science GCSE > Biology - Cell division > Flashcards

Biology - Cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

the nucleus contains…

A

your genetic information

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2
Q

…contains your genetic information

A

the nucleus

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3
Q

Your genetic information is found in the form of…

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

Chromosomes contain…

A

strings of DNA

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5
Q

A gene is a…

A

short section of DNA that codes for a protein and as a result controls a characteristic

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6
Q

Each chromosome carries…

A

many genes

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7
Q

You have ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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8
Q

You inherit ___ chromosomes from each parent

A

23

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9
Q

You have ___ chromosomes

A

46

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10
Q

Gametes have ____ chromosomes

A

23

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11
Q

human chromosomes are organised by…

A

size

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12
Q

Down Syndrome is when…

A

you are born with an extra chromosome 21 - you gain it before you are born

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13
Q

Edwards Syndrome is when…

A

you are born with an extra chromosome 18 - you gain it before you are born

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14
Q

You are a female if you have…

A

XX chromosomes

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15
Q

You are a male if you have…

A

XY chromosomes

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16
Q

The cell cycle is…

A

a series of steps that the cell has to undergo in order to divide

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17
Q

Stage one in the cell cycle is called

A

Interphase

18
Q

Interphase is when…

A

the cell grows, organelles (such as ribosome and mitochondria) grow and increase in number, the synthesis of proteins occurs, DNA is replicated (forming the characteristic ‘X’ shape) and energy stores are increased

19
Q

Stage 2 in the cell cycle is called

A

mitosis

20
Q

Mitosis is when…

A

the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and cell fibres pull each chromosome of the ‘X’ to either side of the cell.

21
Q

Stage 3 in the cell cycle is…

A

Cytokinesis

22
Q

Cytokinesis is when…

A

Two identical daughter cells form when the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide

23
Q

Cell division by mitosis in multicellular organisms is important in…

A

their growth and development, and when replacing damaged cells.

24
Q

Mitosis is also a vital part of asexual reproduction, as…

A

this type of reproduction only involves one organism, so to produce offspring it simply replicates its own cells.

25
Q

The three phases of mitosis are…

A

Prophase, metaphase and anaphase

26
Q

A stem cell is…

A

an undifferentiated cell which can undergo division to produce many more similar cells, of which some will differentiate to have different functions.

27
Q

The three types of stem cells are…

A

Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells and meristems (in plants)

28
Q

Embryonic stem cells form…

A

when an egg and sperm cell fuse to form a zygote

29
Q

Embryonic stem cells can…

A

differentiate into any type of cell in the body

30
Q

Scientists can ____ embryonic stem cells…

A

clone these cells (though culturing them) and direct them to differentiate into almost any cell in the body

31
Q

Embryonic stem cells could potentially be used to…

A

replace insulin-producing cells in those suffering from diabetes, new neural cells for diseases such as Alzheimer’s, or nerve cells for those paralysed with spinal cord injuries

32
Q

Adult stem cells if found in…

A

bone marrow they can form many types of cells including blood cells

33
Q

Meristems are found in…

A

root and shoot tips

34
Q

Meristems can…

A

differentiate into any type of plant, and have this ability throughout the life of the plant

35
Q

Meristems can be used…

A

to make clones of the plant- this may be necessary if the parent plant has certain desirable features (such as disease resistance), for research or to save a rare plant from extinction

36
Q

Therapeutic cloning involves…

A

an embryo being produced with the same genes as the patient.

37
Q

In therapeutic cloning the embryo produced could…

A

then be harvested to obtain embryonic stem cells.

38
Q

In therapeutic cloning the stem cell harvested could…

A

be grown into any cells the patient needed, such as new tissues or organs.

39
Q

The advantage of therapeutic cloning is…

A

the cells would not be rejected as they would have the exact same genetic make-up as the individual.

40
Q

3 Benefits of stem cell research

A
  • Can be used to replace damaged or diseased body parts.
  • Unwanted embryos from fertility clinics could be used as they would otherwise be discarded.
  • Research into the process of differentiation
41
Q

5 Problems of stem cell research

A
  • We do not completely understand the process of differentiation, so it is hard to control stem cells to form the cells we desire.
  • Removal of stem cells results in the destruction of the embryo.
  • People may have religious or ethical objections as it is seen as interference with the natural process of reproduction.
  • If the growing stem cells are contaminated with a virus, an infection can be transferred to the individual
  • Money and time could be better spent into other areas of medicine.

Science GCSE (2 decks)

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