Biology Brainscape Flashcards
Class content to date for finals prep
Life can be found in the form of ____ ______ ______ and ____-______ _______.
Single Celled Organism and Multi-Celled Organism.
When did we find out about the cell?
In 1665
Robert Hooke: -First Light Microscope -Cork is made of _______.
Cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: -Saw _____ _________ in pond water.
Living Organisms
Matthias Schleiden: -_____ are made up of cells.
Plants
Theodor Schwann: -______ are made up of cells.
Animals
Rudolph Virchow: - ________ come from existing ______.
Cells
Three Main Components of the Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of Cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Smaller and simpler, have a cell membrane and cytoplasm, no nuclei, contain DNA within the cytoplasm, all unicellular are prokaryotes, bactria are prokarotes.
Eukaryotic Cells
Vary in shape and size, have a cell membrane and cytoplasm, have nuclei and many other cell organelles, all plants, animals, fungi and many microoganisms are eukaryotes.
Element:
A pure substance that can not be chemically broken down.
Water:
Made up of two elements, oxygen and hydrogen. Water is a compoud. These are chemically combined Ex: Sodium Chloride (salt)= chlorine (yellow gas)+Sodium (metal)
Oxygen:
Water has one atom of oxygen. Oxygen’s atomic number is 8 on the peridoic table. It has 8 electrons and 8 protons. It has an atomic mass of 15.9994
Hydrogen:
Water has two atoms of hydrogen. Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1. It has 1 electron and 1 proton. It has an atomic mass of 1.00794
Ionic Bonds
Occur when one element transfers an electon to another element. Ex: Sodium Chloride
Covalent Bonds
Forms when two elements share electrons. Ex: Water
Molecule:
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Water- H2O
Covalent bonds hold the molecule together. Electrons are shared unequally. Oxygen takes most of the negative charge. Hydrogen atoms are left slightly positive.
Polarity
Molecule has a positive and a negative side. Due to unequal sharing of electrons. Weak hydrogen bonds are important. Causes water to attract other molecules.
Water is an unusual compoud.
Most abundant compound in all living things. Is more dense as a liquid than a solid. Moderates temperature by storing heat.
Cohesion:
Attratcing between water. Surface Tension. Flow of water.
Adhesion:
Attracting between water and other molecules. Water sticking to winshield. Ex: Capillary action in plants.
Capillary Action:
Movement of water against the pull of gravity.
Solution:
One or more dissolved chemicals.
Solvent:
Chemical that others dissolve in.
Solute:
Chemical that is dissolved.
Water is the best __________!
Solvent
Aqueous Solutions-
Solutions of water.
pH Scale
Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. Range 0-14 pH 7 is the neutral. Concentration of H+ and OH- is equal. Each pH is 10x the concentration of the previous.
Acids
pH < 7 Sour taste Lots of H+
Bases
pH > 7 Bitter taste Lots of OH-
Importance of Water to Living Organisms
Universal solvent- dissolves many things. Transports materials including wastes. Regulates temperature Protects and cushions vital organs Lubricates joints and tissues.
Chemical Reaction:
A process that changes one set of chemicals into anotehr set of chemicals. (Can happen quickly or slowly.)
Reactants:
What you start with- Elements or compouds that enter in to a chemical reaction.
Products:
What you end with- elements or compuds that are produced from a chemical reaction.
Chemical Equations:
Use symbols and formulas to represent reactants and products. Arrow means “Yield” and shows the direction of the reaction. 2H(2)+O(2)_2H(2)O
Reactants _______ Products
Yield
Photosynthesis:
6CO(2) (Carbon)+6H(2)O (Water)+Sunlight produces C(6)H(12)O(6) (Glucose)+6O(2) (Oxygen)
Cell Respiration:
C(6)H(12)+6O(2) produces 6CO(2)+6H(2)O+Energy
Activation Energy
Energy needed to start a reaction. Some reactions have a high activation energy while others have a low activation energy. Often reactions require too much energy so living tings reduce the amout of energy needed by using catalysts.
A catalystÉ
A catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy.
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalysts. Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell. Are very specific because they catalyze only one reaction.
How do enzymes work?
Work like a lock and key. Enzymes have an active site that binds to the reactant (substrate). Once bound, the enzyme changes the reactant to some product.
What effects the rate of enzyme activity in the cells?
Two major factors: pH and temperature
Characteristics of Carbon
Most compounds found in living things have carbon. Carbon has 4 valence elctrons therefore it forms many bonds with other elements.
Isotopes:
Elements that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Ex: Carbon. (Carbon 12 (6P, 6N), Carbon 13 (6P, 7N), Carbon 14 (6P, 8N- Radioactive)
Structual Formula (Water)
H-**O**-H
Chemical Formula (Water)
H(2)O
Carbon Backbones
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Organic Molecules
Molecues containing two or more atoms of carbon
Four classes of organic (carbon based) macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids.
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller units (called monomers) bonded together.
Carbo=_______ Hydrate= ___________
Carbo= Carbon Hydrate= Water
Carbohydrates have a molecular formula of
(CH(2)O)n
Carbohydrates haveÉ.
a 1:2:1 Ratio. Ex: Glucose (C(6)H(12)O(6)) and starch
Carbohydrates Function
Store chemical energy for cellular use and structual support for cells. Ex: Cellulose cell walls in plants.
Monosaccharide
Monoer of 3 to 7 carbons (1 sugar) Ex: Glucose and Frutose
Disaccharide
Two mono’s linked together (2 sugars) Ex: Sucrose and Lactose
Polysaccharide
Many mono’s linked together (many sugars) Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen