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Biology B5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

A state of Mental and Physical well - being

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2
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

Diseases that cannot be passed from 1 person to another(eg = heart disease,arthritis)

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by pathogens that can be passed fro m 1 person to another

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4
Q

Explain how STRESS can impact health

A

Too much stress is linked to AN INCREASED RISK OF HEART DISEASE,CERTAIN CANCERS and MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

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5
Q

Explain how DIET can impact health

A

Too little food or the wrong food (deficient in vitamins in minerals) can lead to STARVATION,ANEMIA, OR RICKETS

Too much food or the wrong type of food can lead to : Obesity ,type 2 diabetes and some types of cancers

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6
Q

Explain how LIFE SITUATIONS can have an impact on health

A

LOCATION = different regions different risk of certain health problems(eg tropical countries – increased risk of malaria) Healthcare available in the region, pollution,UV light exposure. Sanitation – accesss to clean water etc

Gender,financial status, + no of kids will affect what disease you are at most risk from

Free Healthcare available — reduces the risk and effect of many conditions

Local sewage/disposal system — important for large populations

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7
Q

How can different types of diseases interact?

A

Defects in the immune system can make someone more likely to have a communicable disease

Severe physical health issues can lead to Mental health issues such as depression(physical ill health — mental ill health)

Malnutrition can lead to deficiency diseases ,a weakened immune system, obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes or cancer

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8
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing microbe

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9
Q

What are the 4 pathogens

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa

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10
Q

Facts about Bacteria

A

single celled living organisms
No Nucleus
Smaller than animal+plant cells
Some can cause disease but many are harmless(some are in our digestive system and help out there)

Uses of bacteria :
Sewage treatment
Medicine production
Food production (eg cheese and yogurt)

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11
Q

Facts about viruses

A

Smaller than bacteria
Usually have regular shapes
Cause disease in every type of living organism
Invade living cells and reproduce inside them

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12
Q

How does Bacteria make us ill?

A

PRODUCE TOXINS AND DAMAGE CELLS(multiply by binary fission – multiplying by 2 each time – every 20 mins)

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13
Q

How do viruses make us ill?

A

They invade body cells and reproduce.In the process of reproduction, they DAMAGE AND DESTROY CELLS(antibiotics aren’t always useful against viruses because they can’t always get into the cells where the virus is)

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14
Q

How pathogens are spread

A

One way pathogens are spread is through WATER and FOOD:
Drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food allows pathogens to enter the digestive system

Another way —- Direct contact:
Some pathogens are transmitted by skin contact or enter via scratches,cuts or needle punctures.
FROM ANOTHER ORGANISM—- animals such as mosquitoes can act as vectors and carry pathogens from one individual to another.

Blood —– sharing needles(heroin users)

Another way :
AIR—– Bacteria viruses and fungal spores can be spread through the air from 1 individual to another.

Humans spread pathogens when they sneeze or cough.The droplets of water carrying the pathogens are inhaled by another person ~~~~~ this is called droplet infection

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15
Q

Explain how you would grow bacterial colonies

A
  1. Sterilise the : petri dish and nutrient agar (to kill off any unwanted organisms)
  2. Sterilise the inoculating loop by heating it under a bunsen flame until red hot(DO NOT PUT IT DOWN OR BLOW ON IT AS IT COOLS)
  3. Dip the sterilised inoculating loop in a suspension of the bacteria you want to grow + use it to make zigzag streaks across the surface of the agar.Only lift the lid of the dish a tiny bit when doing this to limit risk of contamination.
  4. Fix the lid of the petri dish with clear cellotape and make sure you do not seal around the circumference of the dish as you need a bit of oxygen to get into the disc to prevent harmful anareobic bacteria growing.
  5. Label petri dish + store upside down to prevent the condensation from falling onto the agar.
  6. Incubate
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16
Q

Why are uncontaminated cultures needed?

A

Uncontaminated cultures are needed so that you can investigate the effects of chemicals ,such as disinfectants and antibiotics on a specific bacteriam.?

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17
Q

why should cultures be incubated at a maximum of 25degrees in schools

A

This is done to reduce the likelihood of a harmful pathogens growing that are harmful to humans.

Laboratories use higher temperatures(37 degreees) becayse it speeds up the industrial process.

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18
Q

How can bacterial growth be prevented

A

Bacterial growth can be prevented by:

  1. raising or lowering the temperature
  2. disinfectants – used to kill bacteria in enviroment
  3. antisecptics– used to kill bacteria on human skin
  4. Antibiotics – used to kill bacteria inside he human body
19
Q

What did Semmelweiss do?

A

He realised the need for hand washing between patients and realised that infection could be transferred from 1 person to another in a hospital

20
Q

What did pasteur do ?

A

He developed vaccines against Anthrax and Rabies and realised that micro - organisms cause disease

21
Q

What did Lister do?

A

Used antiseptics in surgical operating theatres.

to destroy pathogens

22
Q

How can you prevent infection by isolation?

A

isolating infectious patients(if someone has an infectious disease such as ebola,they need to be isolated to prevent further spread of the pathogen

plants = small plants that are affected can be moved or
destroyed

23
Q

How can you prevent infection by vaccination?

A

vaccine = a small amount of harmless form of pathogen which are introduced to your body – this prepares the immune system so you are ready for any future infections.

Vaccines help against :
typhoid 
polio
flu 
tetanus

Plants cannot be vaccinated because they do not have an immune system

24
Q

How can infection be prevented by Eliminating Vectors?

A

Eliminating Vectors:
some communicable diseases are carried by vectors : (eg – mosquitoes,houseflies and rats carry many pathogens between people.

Aphids and beetles carry plant pathogens

DESTROYING VECTORS CAN PREVENT SPREAD OF DISEASE – nets,repellant and traps for insects

25
Q

How can infection be prevented by having good hygiene?

A

HAND WASHING — after cooking,before cooking, after contact with an infected animal/human

AVOIDING CROSS CONTAMINATION :raw meat should be kept away from food that is eaten uncooked

FOOD HYGIENE: cleaning utensils and cooking thoroughly(to kill off any microbes if present in he food)

SANITATION : using disinfectants to clean surfaces toilets etc —– sewer and eater treatments

26
Q

Explain the : Symptoms,spread,prevention and cure of measles

A

measles: is very infectious
Symptoms
1.Red skin rash and fever

Spread: (droplet infection)
inhalation of water droplets containing the virus(from coughs + sneezes)

Cure: NO CURE
INFECTED PERSON SHOULD BE ISOLATED
Prevention: Vaccines can help prevent measles(MMR is the best defence against measles)

27
Q

Explain the : Symptoms,spread,prevention and cure of TMV – Tobacco Mosaic Virus:=

A

Symptoms:
Mosaic pattern on leaf
Discolours the leaf
Yellowing of plant tissues

SPREAD:
VECTORS = Insects can carry the virus
small wounds caused by handling and by insects chewing on plants

People who handle plants : handling an infected plant then touching another plant could infect it

Treatment: REMOVE INFECTED PART(prevent spread)
USE PESTICIDES(to deter vectors)
GROWING TMV RESISTANT CROPS
WASHING HANDS BETWEEN HANDLING PLANTS

28
Q

Explain the : Symptoms,spread,prevention and cure of Hiv/aids

A

SYMPTOMS:
Mild and flu like at the beginning
Weakened immune system(lower count of white blood cells — so you are more prone to infectious diseases)
Hiv attacks the immune system(and after a while remains hidden in the immune system)Resulting in aids

It is so badly damaged that it can no longer deal with infections or certain cancers(at this point, Aids is reached)Hiv first then aids

It may take years to develop aids depending on a persons : health,level of nutrition,and access to medical drugs

SPREAD: spread by blood to blood(sharing needles)
Sexual contact
Breast milk of an infected

Treatment:
NO TREATMENT
prevented by:
1.using condoms
2.Boosting blood cell count
3.Not sharing needles
4.screening blood used for transfusions
Not drinking affected milk

For Hiv you can get “treatments” which slow down the deterioration of the immune systems ability to work

29
Q

Explain the : Symptoms,spread,prevention and cure of SALMONELLA

A

SPREAD:
caught by eating under cooked food or from food prepared in unhygienic conditions
SYMPTOMS:
Fever
vomiting
diarrhoea
abdominal cramps
(can be fatal in elderly+young children cos f dehydration)
(in countries where there is malnutrition,salmonella is more serious)

TREATMENT:
Antibiotics – although not always successful.
Most often – DRINK LOTS OF FLUIDS
a lot of fluid lost when the body tries to flush out the bacteria so keep drinking to make sure water levels stay the same

PREVENTION:

  1. Vaccination of poultry(prevent spread – chickens can also get antibiotics)
  2. Avoid cross - contamination(raw chicken kept away from food eaten uncooked)
  3. Avoid washing raw chicken to prevent spread of bacteria
  4. Wash hands + surfaces
  5. Cook chicken thoroughly
30
Q

Explain tbe spread,symptoms,prevention and treatment of Gonorrhoea

A

Spread:
Sti(unprotected sexual contact with someone)

SYMPTOMS:
often bo distinctive symptoms
Early symptoms : pain when urinating,yellow/green discharge from private parts
SYMPTOMS IN EARLY STAGES THEN BECOMES SYMPTOMLESS
Untreated gonorrhoea can lead to :
infertility
pelvic pain
ectopic pregnancies(babies born to infected mothers may have severe eye infections + may go blind

Prevention: use a condom

Treatment:
Cure •••• antibiotics MORE THAN 1 STRAIN OF GONORRHEA SO ANTIBIOTICS NOT ALWAYS USEFUL(some strains are resistant)

31
Q

Explain the : Symptoms,spread,prevention and cure of Crown Gall Disease

A

CAUSES/SYMPTOMS:
caused by a BACTERIAL PATHOGEN which leads to pathogens— reduces flow of water in the plant—impacts photosynthesis—plant can’t grow properly —DEATH

SPREAD:
Enters the plant through”wounds” (mechanical damage)
to the main stem.
NO CURE

PREVENTION:
Selecting plants tolerant to the bacteria
Avoid damaging the plant(so bacteria can’T reach the plant)

32
Q

Explain the : Symptoms,spread,prevention and cure of ROSE BLACK SPOT

A

Caused by a FUNGUS
SYMPTOMS:
Black or purple spots on the leaf(reducing rate of photosynthesis — plant does not flower well and is weakened

SPREAD:
the spores of the fungi are spread by the environment:
1.CARRIED BY THE WIND
2.when the spores land on a plant, they are spread by splashes of water when it rains.
Transferred by vectors
NO CURE
PREVENTION:
remove and burn affected leaves and stems.(can also use fungicides to prevent the spread)

33
Q

Describe how the SKIN helps the Human defense response

A

Skin covers the tissues beneath it and acts as a barrier.It also produces ANTIMICROBIAL SECRETIONS which kill pathenogenic bacteria and heals quickly when the blood clots(cos of platelets) and produces a scab.

34
Q

Describe how the WHITE BLOOD CELLS helps the Human defense response

A

White blood cells defend the body in 3 ways:

  1. They can ingest pathogens they then digest + destroy them
  2. They produce antibodies to help destroy particular pathogens
  3. They produce antitoxins to counter the toxins that pathogens produce

SIMPLE: ingest + destroy bacteria
produce antibodies
produce antitoxins

35
Q

Describe how the PHYSICAL BARRIERS helps the Plant defence response:

A

PHYSICAL BARRIERS:
1.The CELLULOSE CELL WALLs that strengthen plant cells HELP RESIST INVASION BY MICRO -ORGANISM

  1. the TOUGH WAXY CUTICLE on the SURFACES OF LEAVES is a BARRIER TO PATHOGEN ENTRY.
  2. BARK on trees and a layer of DEAD CELLS on the OUTSIDE OF STEMS FORM A PROTECTIVE LAYER
36
Q

Describe how the PHYSICAL BARRIERS helps the Plant defence response:

A

PHYSICAL BARRIERS:

  1. The CELLULOSE CELL WALLs that strengthen plant cells HELP RESIST INVASION BY MICRO -ORGANISM
  2. the TOUGH WAXY CUTICLE on the SURFACES OF LEAVES is a BARRIER TO PATHOGEN ENTRY.
  3. BARK on trees and a layer of DEAD CELLS on the OUTSIDE OF STEMS FORM A PROTECTIVE LAYER
37
Q

Describe how the CHEMICAL BARRIERS helps the Plant defence response:

A
  1. many plants produce produce antibacterial chemicals that protect them against invading pathogens.
  2. Some plants produce poisons that deter herbivores
38
Q

Describe how the Plant defense mechanisms helps the Plant defence response:

A

plants have special defence mechanisms to protect them from being eaten.Sometimes they have combinations of 2 or more of these adaptations:::===

  1. poisons
  2. Thorns
  3. Hairy stems and/or leaves
  4. Drooping or curling when touched
  5. Mimicry
39
Q

What do aphids do to plants which affects them ?

A

Aphids go around onto the stems of plants and bite down into the stem so they can reach the phloem(this contains the food produced by photosynthesis(not allowing the plant to grow –not enough or as much food) and this is what they want – to suck up the minerals and eat them)

This damages and weakens the plant(pierces it )
If they bite into the phloem of a plant that is infected then go and bite down into another normal plant, the normal plant can become infected.BASIC/SIMPLE: ACT AS VECTORS -TRANSFERRING PATHOGENS FROM DISEASED TO HEALTHY PLANTS

40
Q

How can you destroy aphids?

A

You can use NATURAL PREDATORS OF APHIDS such as ladybirds and parasitic wasps – this is a method used by many farmers.

The alternative method is to use chemicals against the aphids — = pesticides

41
Q

My plant is small and the leaves are yellow what is it deficient in and what is this mineral used for?

A

Your plant is deficient in Nitrate ions.

Nitrate ions are used to BUILDING PROTEINS + GROWTH

42
Q

My plant has small roots and the leaves are PURPLE what is it deficient in and what is this mineral used for?

A

Your plant is deficient in PHOSPHATE IONS

Phosphate ions are used for RESPIRATION + GROWTH

43
Q

The leaves on my plant are yellow with dead spots what is it deficient in and what is this mineral used for?

A

Your plant is deficient in POTASSIUM IONS

Potassium ions are used for flower and fruit growth

44
Q

The leaves on my plant are a pale yellow what is it deficient in and what is this mineral used for?

A

Your plant is deficient in MAGNESIUM IONS

Magnesium ions are used for photosynthesis

physics (3 decks)

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