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Biology B4 > Biology B4 > Flashcards

Biology B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants use light energy to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

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2
Q

State the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon + Water —-> Glucose + Oxygen
dioxide

6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H1206 + 6O2

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3
Q

Is photosynthesis exo or endo?

A

Photosynthesis is endothermic, takes in energy from the surroundings, in the form of sunlight.

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Take place in the chloroplast, inside the leaf, where chlorophyll absorbs light.

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5
Q

Which 4 factos affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light intensity
  • CO2 conc
  • Temperature
  • chlorophyll
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6
Q

Explain the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis.

A

As light intensity increase, so does the rate, until the CO2 or the temp is the limiting factor.

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7
Q

Explain the relationship between CO2 conc and the rate of photosynthesis.

A

As CO2 conc increases, the rate increases, until light or temp become the limiting factor.

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8
Q

Explain the relationship between temperature and the rate of photosynthesis.

A

Temp too low = enzymes work too slowly

Temp too high = enzymes denature

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9
Q

Explain the relationship between chlorophyll and the rate of photosynthesis.

A 
A disease infects the plant eg TMV.
causes lack of nutrients
chloroplasts get damaged
less light absorbed
rate of photosynthesis decreases
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10
Q

Give 5 uses of glucose?

A
  • Respiration
  • Cellulose for strong cell walls
  • Making amino acids
  • Stored as oils or fats
  • Stored as starch
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11
Q

Why is glucose stored as starch during the winter?

A

Because plants don’t receive as much light during the winter, they use the starch by converting it back into glucose. Starch is insoluble, meaning that it is good for storage as it doesn’t draw in liquid or swell the cell otherwise it would burst.

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12
Q

How are conditions optimised inside a greenhouse?

A
  • Greenhouse traps sun’s heat so temp is not a limiting factor.
  • Artificial lighting after the sun goes down.
  • paraffin heaters to produce CO2.
  • Plants stay away from pests and diseases.
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13
Q

Describe the process of respiration?

A

Exothermic.
Process of transferring energy from glucose.
Happens in every cell continuously.

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14
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration?

A

Using Oxygen.

Inside mitochondria.

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15
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration.

A

C6 H12 06 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Glucose + Oxygen —-> Carbon dioxide + Water

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16
Q

When does Anaerobic respiration take place?

A

When body cannot supply muscles with sufficient oxygen.

E.g during vigorous exercise.

17
Q

Equation for Anaerobic Respiration.

A

glucose —-> lactic acid

C6 H12 06 —> 2 C3 H6 O3

18
Q

What is the diff between aerobic and anaerobic.

A

Aerobic

  • with oxygen
  • produces more energy (ATP)
  • produces C02 and O2
  • in multicellular organisms eg animals and humans

Anaerobic

  • without oxygen
  • Produces less ATP
  • Glucose is not fully oxidised.
  • Produces lactic acid.
  • in unicellular organisms e.g bacteria and fungi.
19
Q

What is the process of fermentation?

A

Chemical process where glucose is broken down anaerobically to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

20
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.

A

Glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

C6 H12 O6 —> 2 C2 H5 OH + 2CO

21
Q

What are the uses of ethanol and CO2.

A

Ethanol is used in alcoholic drinks.

Carbon dioxide makes the bread rise.

22
Q

How does the body respire during normal exercise.

A

Aerobically.

To exercise, muscles need energy to contract, which increases the rate of respiration and more oxygen given to cells.

23
Q

How does the body respire during vigorous exercise?

A

Anaerobically.

In vigorous exercise, energy not supplied quickly enough to muscles —> anaerobic resp —-> lactic acid causes pain.

24
Q

What is oxygen debt.

A

The amount of oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from cells.

25
Q

Why is lactic acid transported to the liver?

A

Blood transports lactic acid to the liver where it is turned into glucose.

26
Q

Give 3 uses of respiration.

A
  • Build larger molecules from smaller ones.
  • muscle contraction
  • steady body temp
27
Q

What is meant by metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions in an organism.

28
Q

Examples of small molecules making larger molecules.

A

amino acids —-> protein
glycerol + fatty acid —> lipids
glucose —-> starch

29
Q

Examples of large molecules to small molecules.

A

Excess protein —-> urea

Glucose —> energy

30
Q

Describe how breathing rate, heart rate, and breath volume is during vigorous exercise.

A

Breathing rate and breath volume increases to get more oxygen into the blood.
Heart rate increases to get oxygenated blood round faster.

31
Q

Compare anaerobic respiration in humans to anaerobic respiration in yeast.

A

Humans
- produces lactic acid
- reversible ie lactic acid—> glucose in liver.
Yeast
- Produces ethanol + CO2
- irreversible because the chemical potential energy in ethanol is not used.

32
Q

Explain how farmers must balance increasing limiting factors with costs to ensure maximum profit.

A

By supplying just the right amount of light, CO2 and temperature, enough for the plants to grow but not more than what the plants need.
This will maximise profits.

33
Q

What does the Inverse square law suggest?

A

Inverse square law states that the light intensity is inversely proportional to 1 over distance squared.

If distance is halved, the light intensity will be four times greater.
If distance is doubled, the light intensity will be four times smaller.

34
Q

Uses of energy released during respiration that only occur in plants.

A
  • transporting substances through phloem.

- to form large molecules (protein) from small molecules.

35
Q

Uses of energy released during respiration that only occur in mammals.

A

Heat is released through respiration and mammals distribute the heat around the body by blood to maintain body temp.

36
Q

Uses of energy released during respiration that occur in all living things.

A
  • cell division.

- for homeostasis.

Biology B4 (1 decks)

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