Biology- B2 organisation

Question 1

What is the hierarchy of organisation in a multicellular organism

Answer 1

1. Cell
2. tissue
3. Organ
4. Organ System
5. Organism

Question 2

What is a tissue

Answer 2

a group of similar cells working together

Question 3

What is an enzyme

Answer 3

a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions without being used up

Question 4

What happens to enzymes with high temperatures or they have the wrong Ph

Answer 4

they become denatured, active site changes shape

Question 5

What is the lock and key method

Answer 5

the model where the enzyme (lock) has an active site that only fits with a specific substrate (key)

Question 6

what is the function of amylase

Answer 6

breaks down starch into simple sugars

Question 7

what is the function of protease

Answer 7

breaks down proteins into amino acids

Question 8

What is the function of lipase

Answer 8

breaks down lipase into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 9

what does the bile do

Answer 9

emulsifies fats

Question 10

what are the four main components of blood

Answer 10

red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets, plasma

Question 11

what do red blood cells do

Answer 11

carry oxygen for haemoglobin

Question 12

what do platelets do

Answer 12

helps blood to clot at wounds

Question 13

what does plasma do

Answer 13

transports substances like hormones, antibodies, nutrients and waste

Question 14

What is the function of the vein

Answer 14

carry blood towards the heart under low pressure, have valves

Question 15

what is the function of the capillaries

Answer 15

exchange substances between blood and tissues. Very thin walls for diffusion

Question 16

which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

Answer 16

right side

Question 17

what causes CHD(coronary heart disease)

Answer 17

builds up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to heart muscles

Question 18

How to treat CHD

Answer 18

Stents- helps keep the arteries to be open
Statins- reduce cholesterol levels

Question 19

What is a non-communicable disease

Answer 19

A disease that cannot spread between people

Question 20

What is the function of the arteries

Answer 20

Carry blood away from the heart under high presure

Question 21

name the four chambers of the heart

Answer 21

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

Question 22

What is the purpose for the valves

Answer 22

prevents backwards blood flow

Question 23

why is the wall on left ventricle thicker than the right

Answer 23

it pumps blood all around the body, so it needs more muscle to generate higher pressure

Question 24

What blood vessel supplies the body with oxygen

Answer 24

coronary artery

Question 25

what is a pacemaker and where is it found

Answer 25

a group of cells in the right atrium that control heart rate

Question 26

what is artificial blood and why is it used

Answer 26

a blood substitute that replaces lost fluids to keep circulation going-give times for red blood cells production

Question 27

what is it meant by a double circulatory system

Answer 27

blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit

Question 28

What is a risk factor

Answer 28

Something that increases the chance of getting a disease

Question 29

Which 3 broad categories can risk factors be divided between

Answer 29

1. Aspect of a persons life 2. Substances in the body or environment 3. A person's genetics

Question 30

Name 6 lifestyle factors that can increase the chance of developing new diseases

Answer 30

1. poor diet 2. Lack of sleep 3. too much stress 4. smoking 5. lack of exercise 6. drinking alcohol

Question 31

What is obesity a risk factor for

Answer 31

Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular attacks

Question 32

What is drinking alcohol a risk factor for

Answer 32

liver disease and brain disease

Question 33

What is smoking a risk factor for

Answer 33

cardiovascular disease and lung disease

Question 34

what are the risk factors for cancer

Answer 34

exposure to carcinogens exposure to ionising radiation

Question 35

What is a tumour

Answer 35

a tumour is when an abnormal mass of cells forms when a group of cells uncontrollably divide and grow

Question 36

What is a Benign tumour

Answer 36

the growth of abnormal cells doesn't spread and are contained

Question 37

What is a malignant tumour

Answer 37

the growth of abnormal cells that invade tissues and divide, they are cancerous

Question 38

what type of cancer does ultraviolet radiation increase the risk of

Answer 38

skin cancer

Question 39

what type of cancer does smoking increase the risk of

Answer 39

lung, mouth and stomach

Question 40

What type of division do tumour cells divide by

Answer 40

mitosis

Question 41

Where is the stomata found in the leaf

Answer 41

lower epidermis

Question 42

What is meristem tissue and where is it found

Answer 42

made up of plant stem cells and it is found in the growing tips of roots

Question 43

what structures help minimise water loss

Answer 43

waxy cuticle is impermeable to water guard cells close the stomata

Question 44

Why is the upper epidermis transparent

Answer 44

so this allows light to pass through for the palisade mesophyll cells for photosynthesis

Question 45

why does the spongy mesophyll have air gaps

Answer 45

to allow CO2 to diffuse through the stomata into the palisade mesophyll cells

Question 46

What happens when there is plenty of water in the stomata

Answer 46

guard cell becomes turgid, stomata opens

Question 47

What happens when there is too little water in the stomata

Answer 47

guard cell becomes flaccid, stomata closes

Question 48

how do root hair cells absorb water from soil

Answer 48

osmosis, high to low concentration of water molecules, partially permeable membrane

Question 49

How do root hair cells absorb mineral ions

Answer 49

active transport low to high requires energy against the concentration gradient

Question 50

What is the role of xylem

Answer 50

transport water and mineral ions from roots to stem and leaves

Question 51

what is xylem made of

Answer 51

dead cells, strengthened by lignin

Question 52

what is the flow of water molecules that pass through the xylem

Answer 52

transpiration stream

Question 53

what is the role of the phloem

Answer 53

transports dissolved sugars and amino acids from leaves to rest of plant

Question 54

what is phloem made up of

Answer 54

elongated cells which form long tubes

Question 55

what is the flow of cell sap (amino acids) through the phloem

Answer 55

translocation

Question 56

what direction does cell sap move through the phloem

Answer 56

any direction, up or down

Question 57

what is transpiration

Answer 57

evaporation of water from leaves

Question 58

4 factors that effect transpiration

Answer 58

temperature, high humidity, light intensity, wind speed

Question 59

what happens to transpiration when temperature increases

Answer 59

higher temperature, molecules move faster, more likely to diffuse out of the stomata

Question 60

what happens to transpiration when light intensity increases

Answer 60

higher light intensity, more photosynthesis, stomata open more, water diffuses out

Question 61

what happens to transpiration when wind speed increase

Answer 61

more wind means more quickly evaporated water will blow away from stomata stronger concentration gradient water vapour diffuses out the leaf more quickly

Question 62

what happens to transpiration when humidty increases

Answer 62

higher humidity, more water vapour around stomata decreases concentration gradient water diffuses out slowly

Question 63

Food tests Starch

Answer 63

iodine mixed with food, if starch present, turns iodine from orange to blue-black

Question 64

Food tests Protein

Answer 64

Biuret reagent mixed with food, if protein present, turns biuret from blue to lilac

Question 65

food tests sugars

Answer 65

benedict's reagent in a test tube with food placed in a 65-degree hot water bath for an hour, if sugars present, benedict's reagent turns from blue to brick red

Question 66

Find how pH affects amylase, which breaks down starch into sugars

Answer 66

add starch, amylase and buffer solution at different pH values into a spotting tile use iodine to test for starch measure with a stopwatch how long it takes for starch to disappear from blue black to orange