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Biology B2 > Biology B2 > Flashcards

Biology B2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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2
Q

what cannot be diffused

A

solids

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3
Q

why does diffusion happen

A

due to the random movement of particles

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4
Q

whats a concentration gradient

A

a difference in concentration between two areas

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5
Q

the higher the concentration…

A

the faster the particles will move

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6
Q

how do you optimise diffusion

A

maintenance of concentration gradient
large surface area
short diffusion pathway

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7
Q

what do dissolved substances have to pass through to get in or out of a cell

A

cell membrane

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8
Q

what is diffusion mainly used for

A 
getting oxygen around the body
removing co2 from the body 
plants use it for photosynthesis 
USED IN:
the lungs
the placenta
and the small intestine
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9
Q

how are alveoli adapted to their function of diffusion

A

alveoli are wide so have a large surface area
membrane is thin so short diffusion pathway
constant supply of blood (to maintain the high concentration gradient)

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10
Q

what is diffused in the small intestine

A

food nutrients (eg amino acids from fats)

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11
Q

explain how the small intestine is adapted to encourage diffusion

A

the villi are very thin, so thin membrane (short diffusion pathway)
large surface area
constant supply of fresh blood

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12
Q

how is a synapse adapted to use diffusion

A

recycle neuro transmitters
short diffusion pathway
because it curves more neauro transmitters get to receptors
large surface area

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13
Q

examples of diffused substances in the placenta

A

oxygen is diffused between the mother and the baby

nutrients carried to the baby

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14
Q

explain how the placenta is adapted to allow diffusion to the foetus

A

thin cell membrane
a lot of blood supply in the capillaries, for the nutrients to be absorbed by so it can supply it to the growing fetus
large surface area of the blood vessels
nutrients absorbed by fetus

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15
Q

what happens when a cell becomes specialised

A

its structure adapts to suit a particular job it does . eg sperm cells, egg cells, nerve cells

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16
Q

what is tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function working together

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17
Q

multicellular organism …

A

made up of many different cells. some of these cells have differentiated and become specialised to carry out a particular function in the body. a group of these cells working together forms a tissue

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18
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- what is the order

A 
the mouth
the stomach 
liver and gall bladder
the pancreas
the small intestine
the large intestine
ANAGRAM: mother sometimes loves pumpkin spice lattes. #totallyjustmadethatup
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19
Q

what does the mouth the do in the DS

A

food is broken down by the teeth (mechanical breakdown)

then mixed with saliva and swallowed

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20
Q

what does the stomach do in the DS

A

a muscular bag filled with hydrochloric acid can expand

2 things happen- food is broken down by acid and the microbes are destroyed

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21
Q

what does the liver and gall bladder do in the DS

A

liver produces bile which helps digest fats, filters blood

gall bladder stores bile

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22
Q

what does the pancreas do in the DS

A 
produces enzymes responsible for breaking down macromolecules
produces hormones (insulin)
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23
Q

what does the small intestine do in the DS

A

food enters from the stomach, it passes along the small intestine where the soluble food is taken into the blood through the walls

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24
Q

what does the large intestine do in the DS

A

waste material is passed through into the anus

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25
Q

what is the equation for respiration

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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26
Q

what are mitochondria

A

they are tiny rod shaped parts that are found in almost all plant and animal cells. they have a folded inner membrane - provides a large surface area for the enzymes involved in aerobic respiration the enzymes CONTROL reactions

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27
Q

why does respiration happen

A

it happens so that energy can be released from glucose and used for a variety of reasons

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28
Q

what is respiration

A

a chemical reaction in the body

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29
Q

where does respiration occur

A

in the mitochondria

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30
Q

differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

aerobic- uses oxygen and glucose and the product is co2 and h2o
anaerobic- uses glucose and produces lactic acid (which is broken down by o2)

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31
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

oxygen needed to break down lactic acid after exercise until your breathing returns to normal

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32
Q

what is the link between respiration and muscle contraction

A

in order for our muscles to contract respiration must happen as it relies on energy released during respiration

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33
Q

how are muscle adapted to release energy

A

having lots of mitochondria

34
Q

what are enzymes

A

are proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions

35
Q

short chains of protein molecules are called…

A

POLYPEPTIDES

36
Q

LOCK AND KEY MODEL explain…

A

substrate SPECIFIC to an enzyme attatches to the active site on the enzyme. this turns into an enzyme substrate. the bonds in the substrate become weakened. the substrate breaks off and breaks in half creating two products. after the products break off they are used up (but no one knows what happens)

37
Q

when it gets too hot what happens to your enzymes

A

they become denatured

38
Q

what does it mean when an enzyme becomes denatured

A

its shape changes drastically

39
Q

why does ph denature enzymes

A

Anything that changes the shape of the active site stops the enzyme from working. The shape of the active site is affected by pH. This is why enzymes will only work at a specific pH.

40
Q

what are examples of enzymes in the industry

A

baby food
biological detergent
sugar syrup
fructose (a lot sweeter than glucose)

41
Q

why is the cost of enzymes high

A

expensive to produce (need to culture them in a lab, keep them seperate)
need to keep at one temperature/pH so they dont denature (control the environment)

42
Q

why is the cost of enzymes low

A

less heat energy needed for them to be produced
lower pressure needed
quicker reactor (theyre catalysts)

43
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do we have

A

23!

44
Q

what is a somatic cell

A

has two versions of each chromosome- one from each parent. we call this type of cell DIPLOID

45
Q

describe the process of mitosis

A

mitosis begins with one parent cell
DNA in the parent cell is copied (to prepare the cell for division)
the chromosomes line up along the centre, its the easiest way to make sure its split 50/50
the two copies of each chromosome are pulled apart by spindle fibres
the parent cell begins to divide
two identical daughter cells are formed

46
Q

stem cells are what type of cell

A

undifferenciated

47
Q

when are they found

A

in early embroyonic development

48
Q

what did mendel study

A

pea plants

49
Q

why didnt people accept mendels ideas?

A

he couldnt explain recessive and dominant genes and say why it happened

50
Q

what did mendels experiment with peas show

A

there were distinct units of inheritance which were not blended together. because when bred a pink and white pea plant all the offspring were pink as pink was the dominant allele.

51
Q

what is an allele

A

different forms of the same gene

52
Q

what is homozygous

A

2 copies of the same allele

53
Q

what is heterzygous

A

2 alleles which are different

54
Q

what is differentiated

A

specialised for a specific function

55
Q

recessive definition

A

the characteristic that will show up in the offspring only if both the alleles are inherited

56
Q

what is meiosis

A

type of cell division that produces four gametes

57
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF) what does it effect

A

respiratory and digestive system
stops you from being able to clear your lungs, mucus builds up in lungs, cilia stop working and die
dont produce enough bile in the digestive system, especially affects pancreas

58
Q

is CF curable

A

no, it is life limiting and incurable

59
Q

what type of disease is CF

A

inherited. BUT the allele for CF is RECESSIVE

60
Q

when you have a genetic disease which letter is bad

A

the small one

61
Q

if you are a carrier what are you

A

a heterozygous eg Cc

62
Q

huntigtons disease features

A

degenerative disease
fatal and no cure
very rare but serious

63
Q

what happens in huntingtons disease

A

nerve cells in the brain degenerate, start to lose control over your body

64
Q

what is the allele of huntingtons disease

A

DOMINANT you CANNOT be a carrier

65
Q

explain dominant diseases in punnet sqaures

A

one capital letter, if its dominant, means you’ve got it. if you have any capital letters with a dominant disease it means you’ve got it

66
Q

sickle cell anaemia factors

A

is a blood disorder, which affects your circulation
can lead to blood clotting
oddly shaped red blood cells
red blood cells die quickly and also block vessels
can lead to a range of complications and be painful

67
Q

can you be a carrier of SCA

A

yes, means its recessive

68
Q

explain recessive diseases in punnet squares

A

if you have a recessive disease 2 small letters means youve got it. 2 big letters means you havent. 1 big and 1 small letter means youre a carrier

69
Q

what is meant by recessive

A

only expressed if dominant allele is not present

70
Q

give 1 ethical objection to ethical screening

A

you are destroying embroyos

71
Q

give one reason in favor of embroyo screening

A

you can see what embroyos have a genetic disease and prevent it

72
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

in the cell nuclei

73
Q

how many divisions does meiosis do

A

produces 4 nuclei with half the original no. of chromosomes in each

74
Q

what type of cell does meiosis create

A

HAPLOID cells (all cells are different from each other and parent cell)

75
Q

how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells of meiosis

A

only 23 ALL TOGETHER (only half a SET)

76
Q

how many cells does meiosis produce

A

four (each cell has half the chromosomes needed)

77
Q

what is the function of meiosis

A

it helps to reproduce (produces gametes- egg and sperm cells)

78
Q

what do plant cells have that animal cells do not

A

a cell wall

79
Q

what are the three groups of enzymes in digestion and what is their substrate

A

enzyme: amylase
substrate: carbs

enzyme: protease
substrate: proteins

enzyme: lipase
substrate: fats

80
Q

3 industrial uses for enzymes

A

baby food
biological detergent
lipase used in pharmaceutical industry

81
Q

formula for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose —-> carbon dioxide and water

82
Q

explain how the change in DNA can result in the production of an enzyme that does not work

A

DNA codes for amino acids, which make up proteins. these proteins make up enzymes. the change of the amino acid sequence will change the shape of the enzyme active site. this means the enzyme won’t work as the substrate can’t fi

Biology B2 (1 decks)

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