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Leo Biology > Biology B1 : Plant and Animal Cells > Flashcards

Biology B1 : Plant and Animal Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the sum of magnification?

A

Eye piece lens x objectifcation lens

4 x 10 = X40 (magnification)

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2
Q

How do you work out size of real object?

A

size of image divided by magnification

e.g 1/40 = 0.025 mm

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3
Q

Whats the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?

A

-Light microscopes are cheaper,magnify live specimens and magnify around 2000 times which is less than Electron microscope,they are 2D.
-Electron microscope magnify objects 2,000,000 times,3 D images and magnify more than a light microscope,high resolution.
They are also expensive and have to be kept in a heat controlled room.

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4
Q

Disadvantages and Advantages of a light microscope

A 
Advantages:
-Light microscopes are cheap
-Light microscopes can be used anywhere
Disadvantages:
-Light microscopes dont magnify as much as an Electron microscope.
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5
Q

Disadvantages and Advantages of an Electron microscope.

A 
Disadvantages:
-They cannot be used anywhere,and need to be put in a heat controlled room.
-They are expensive.
Advantages:
-Very high magnifcation and resolution
-Magnify around 2,000,000 times.
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6
Q

What affects how much detail a microscope can show?

A

-Resolving power

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7
Q

Whats the job of the nucleus in an animal cell?

A
  • Controls all activity in the cell and is surrounded by a membrane
  • Carries genes of chromosones that carry the instructions for making proteins needed for new cells or new organisms.
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8
Q

Whats the job of the cytoplasm in an animal cell?

A
  • Where organelles are suspended

- Where most chemical reactions needed for life take place.

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9
Q

Whats the job of the cell membrane in an animal cell?

A
  • Controls passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell.
  • Controls movement of substances such as urea or hormones out of cell.
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10
Q

Whats the job of the mitochondira in an animal cell?

A

-Positioned in cytoplasm where aerobic respiration takes place,releasing energy for the cell.

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11
Q

What is the job of the ribosomes in an animal cell?

A

-Its where protein synthesis takes place which makes the needed proteins in the cell.

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12
Q

Whats the function of Algae?

A
  • They make their own food by photosynthesis.

- They are similar to plant cells.

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13
Q

Whats the job of the cell wall in a plant cell?

A

-Cell wall is made of cellulose that strenghtens the cell and gives it support.

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14
Q

Whats the job of the chloroplasts in a plant cell?

A

-They are green because they contain Chlorophyll,Chlorophyll abosrbs lights so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.

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15
Q

Whats the job of the permanent vacuole in a plant cell?

A
  • The permaent vacuole is filled with cell sap.

- Cell sap is important for keeling cells rigid to support the plant.

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16
Q

What are Eukaryotic Cells?

A
  • They are cells that all have a cell membrane,cytoplasm,and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
  • All animals and humans,plants,fungi and protista are eukaryotes.
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17
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotes are not typical looking cells and are Bacteria,this Bacteria does not contain cellulose(cell wall)
  • They are not enclosed in a nucleus.
  • They may contain extra small rings of DNA called plasmids.
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18
Q

What do Prokaryotic Cells (bacteria) contain?

A
  • They may contain small protective slime capsule around the outside of the cell wall.
  • Some have at least one flagellum that is a long string like protein strand that lashes about.
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19
Q

Whats the potential of bacteria?

A
  • They can cause diseases in humans,animals and plants

- They can decompose and destroy stored food.

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20
Q

Whats the difference between the generic material in a prokaryotic cells and in the eukaryotic cell?

A
  • In Prokaryotic cells the genetic material isnt inside a nucleus and in the Eukaryotic it is.
  • In Prokayortic cells the DNA is found in the cytoplasm while in Eukaryotic Cells its found in the nucleus.
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21
Q

Describe the difference and Similarities between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • You can see both cells with a light and electron microscope
  • Eukaryotic Cells contain cellulose while the Prokaryotic cells dont.
  • Prokaryotic Cells DNA are found on plasmids while Eukaryotic Cells they are found in the Nucleus.
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22
Q

Whats the job of Nerve Cells?

A

-Nerve Dells are specialised to carry electrical impluses around the body of an animal.

23
Q

What do nerve cells contain and what is their individual function?

A
  • Lots of different dendrites to make conmection to other nerve cells.
  • An axon that carries the nerve impulse from one place to another and are very long,for example from spine to big toe.
  • Synapses are adapted to pass impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle in the bidy using special transmitter chemicals and contain mitochondria to provide energy needed to make transmitter chemicals.
24
Q

What are muscle cells?

A

-Muscle cells are specialised cells than contract and relax to move the bones of the skeleton.

25
Q

What do smooth muscles form to do?

A

-They form one of the layers of tissue in your digestive system and they contract to squeeze the food through your gut.

26
Q

What are the adaptions of striated muscle cells?

A
  • They contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract.
  • Contain mitochondria to transfer energy neede for chemical reactions to take place as the cells contract and relax
  • They store glycogen which can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by mitonchria to transfer needed energy.
27
Q

What are the adaptions of sperm cells to make new birth possible?

A
  • A long tail from side to side to help the sperm move through water or the female reproductive system.
  • The middle section is full of mitochondria,which transfers energy needed for the tail to work
  • A large nucleus contain genetic information to be passed on.
  • Acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down outer laters of the egg.
28
Q

What do root hair cells help the plant do?

A
  • They help them take up water and mineral ions to move efficiently.
  • Active transport moves mineral ions into the root hair cell.
29
Q

What are the adaptions of root hair cells?

A
  • Greatly increase surace area available for water to move into the cell.
  • Large permanent vacuole that speeds up movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the roor hair cell.
  • Many mitochondria that transfer energy needed for active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells.
30
Q

What do Photosynthetic Cells do for a plant cell?

A

-They create food for the plant to live.

31
Q

What are the adaptions of photosynthetic cells?

A
  • Contain speciliased green structures called chloroplasts contain chlorophyll that trap light needed for photosynthesis.
  • Positioned in continous layers in leaves and outer layers of the stem of a plant to absorb as much light as possible
  • Large permanent vacuole that helps keep cell rigid as a result of osmosis,they are arranged to form photosynthetic tissue that support the stem and spread leaf out to capture lots of light.
32
Q

What are Xylem Cells?

A
  • Xylem is the transport tissue in plants that carry water and mineral ions from roots to leaves and shoots.
  • Important in supporting the plant.
33
Q

What are the adaptions of Xylem Cells in a leaf?

A

-Lignin builds up in spirals in the cell walls.The cells die and form hollow tubes to allow water and mineral ions to move through them around the plant.
-Spirals and rings of lignin in the xylem cells make them very strong and help withstand pressure of water moving up the plant.
Also help support plant stem.

34
Q

What are phleom cells?

A
  • Phloem transports food made by photosynthesis around the body of the plant.
  • Unlike Xylem they can move up and down and the cells dont lignify and die.
35
Q

What are the adaptions of Phloem Cells?

A

-Cell walls netween cells break dowm to form special sieve plates which allow water carrying dissolved food to
move freely up and down the tubes where its needed.
-Phloem cells lose lots of internal structure but are supported by companion cells to keep them alive.The mitochondria of the companion cells transfer energy needed to move dissolved food up and down the plant in Phloem.

36
Q

What is Diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of a gas,or of any solution(solute).Resulting in overall movement of particles.
  • Net Movement is from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of the particle.It takes place because of random movement of particles,causing them to bump and move them alk around.
37
Q

What affects the rate of Diffusion?

A
  • The general rate of concentration,and the diifference between two areas of concentration
  • Bigger difference = faster rate of diffusion due to steeper gradient.
  • Temperature; an increase in temperature means the particles in a gas or solution move around more quickly as diffusion is more rapid when random particle movement speeds up.
38
Q

What living organisms do diffusion take place in?

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Glucose
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon Dioxide
39
Q

How can oxygen transport in the process of diffusion?

A
  • It passes from the air in your lungs then into your red blood cells through cell membranes by diffusion.
  • Oxygen then moves down a concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
40
Q

How can cells be adapted for diffsuion?

A

-Increase surface area to increase diffusion area.

41
Q

How does Osmosis differ from Diffusion?

A

-Osmosis is a special case of diffusion,its the movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a partially permenable membrane.

42
Q

What does Isotonic,hypertonic and hyptotonic mean?

A
  • Isotonic is if the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cells is THE SAME as internal concentration
  • Hypertonic is if its HIGHER than internal concentration
  • Hypotonic is if its LOWER than internal concentration.
43
Q

How can Osmosis affect animal cells?

A
  • If a cell uses up water in chemical reactions then cytoplams becomes more concentrated.
  • If Osmosis solution becomes too hypotonic then cell contents,water will move in by osmosis then cell will swell and may burst.
  • If too much water is in the cell then it shrivels up and can no longer survive.
44
Q

Define Osmosis…

A

-The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane down a water concentraction gradient.

45
Q

Why is Osmosis important in plants?

A
  • Plants rely on Osmosis to support their stems and leaves.Water moves into plant cells by osmosis.
  • This causes the vaculoe to swell,which presses cytoplams against plant cell wall which causes pressure to build up until no more water can enter;this pressure is known as turgor.
  • Turgor pressure makes the cells hard and rigid,which keeps leaabes and stems rigid and intact.
46
Q

Why does the fluid surrounding plants always need to be hypotonic (lower concentration of solutes and higher water)

A
  • It keeps water moving by osmosis in the right direction and cells are turgid
  • If solution in hypertonic (more concentrated than) then water will leave cells by osmosis.Itll no longer be turgid and turn flacks(soft) as pressure on cell walls are lost.
47
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

-When more water is lost by osmosis and vacoulr and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

48
Q

What is active transport?

A

-When substances have to be moved against a concentration grandient and across a partailly permeable membrane.

49
Q

How can a substance move by active transport?

A
  • Active transport allows cells to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration,this movement is against the concentration gradient.
  • It enables cells to move substances,like sugar and ions,from one place to another through the cell membrane.
50
Q

What is needed for active transport to carry a molecuke across a membrane and return to its orginal position?

A
  • Energy,produced during cell respiration.
  • Higher rate of respiration = higher rate of active transport.
  • For example,glucose if needed for cell resporation to you should get all of it out of the gut.
  • Concentration of glucose in your blood is kept steady,so sometimes its higher than the concentration of glucose in your gut.When this happens active transport moves glucose from your gut into your blood against concentration gradient.
51
Q

Why is surface area important?

A
  • It makes a big difference to the way animals can exchange substances with the enivironment
  • Its also important when you consider how energy is transferred by living organisms.
52
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio depending on size of organism and what are effects?

A

-As an object gets bigger the ratio of surface area to volume falls.
-Because simple diffusion is sufficient for material exchange.
Effects:
-Gases and food molecules can no longer reach every cell inside the organism by simple diffusion.
-Metabolic waste cant be removed fast enough to avoid inside cell poisoning.

53
Q

What are adaptations for exchanging materials?

A
  • having a large surface area which exchange can take place

- having a thin membrane or being thin to provide a short diffusion.

54
Q

What are examples of adaptations?

A
  • Plant roots have large surface area to make uptake of water and mineral ions more efficient.
  • Water comstantly moves away from the roots in the transpiration stream,maintaining a steep concentration gradient.

Leo Biology (2 decks)

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