Biology assessment September 2016 Flashcards
1
Q
Role of auxin in geotropism?
A
In the stem, the auxin is on the lower side
The tissue increases cell expansion and results in the shoot curving up
2
Q
Upward growth of plants against gravity is called?
A
Negative Geotropism
3
Q
Downward growth of roots is called?
A
Positive Geotropism
4
Q
What are hormones?
A
Chemical substances that help regulate processes in the body
5
Q
What hormones is produced in the ovary gland?
A
Oestrogen
6
Q
Oestrogen targets which 4 organs?
A
ovaries
uterus
pituitary
gland
7
Q
What effect does oestrogen have on the body?
A
controls puberty/menstrual cycle
Stimulates production of LH
Stops production of FSH
8
Q
What is the ovaries effect on the womens body?
A
Maintains the lining of the womb
9
Q
Name 2 hormones in the pituitary gland?
A
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
10
Q
What effect does the pituitary gland have on the womens body?
A
Triggers egg ripening
Triggers egg release
11
Q
What does hormones inhibiting the production of FSH do?
A
It stops the egg maturing in the ovaries when oral contraception is taking place
12
Q
Why don’t birth controls contain large amounts of oestrogen?
A
It caused women multiple side effects
Such as changes in weight, mood and blood pressure
13
Q
What do fertility drugs contain? and why?
A
FSH and Lh to stimulate eggs to mature
14
Q
What is IVF?
A
Egg fertilised outside women’s body and then implanted back in her uterus
15
Q
Is FSH used in IVF treatment?
A
Yes, as it anchorages the production of several mature eggs at once
16
Q
What are receptors?
A
Groups of specialised cells.
They detect a change in the environment
and produce electrical impulses in response.
17
Q
What are effectors?
A
Are parts of the body such as muscle and glands.
They produce a response to a stimulus
eg a muscle contracting to move an arm
18
Q
What can the skin sense?
A
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temp
19
Q
What can the tounge sense?
A
Chemicals in food
20
Q
What can the eyes sense?
A
Light
21
Q
Main parts of light receptor cells?
A
Nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane
22
Q
What are reflex actions?
A
They are extra rapid responses to stimuli.
It bypasses the brain
23
Q
Role of sensory neuron?
A
Carry signals from receptors to spinal cord and brain
24
Q
Role of relay neuron?
A
Carry messages from one part of the CNS to another
25
Role of motor neuron?
Carry signals from the CNS to effectors
26
What are synapses?
Where two neurones meet, there is a tiny gap.
Signals cross the gap using chemicals released by neurones
Chemicals make the next neaurone transmit an electrical signal
27
Name the 7 components of a balanced diet?
```
Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
Water
```
28
What do carbohydrates do in the body?
Provide quick energy
| 60% of our diet should include carbs
29
What do fats do in the body?
Provide slow energy
| 25% of our diet should be fat
30
What do proteins do in the body?
Build and repair muscle
| 15% of our diet should be protein
31
What do vitamins do in the body?
Help body work
32
What do minerals do in the body?
Help release energy
33
What does fibre do in the body?
Cant be digested, fills you up
34
What does malnourished mean?
Bad health because of having too little food or too little types of food.
35
Effects of malnutrition?
Wounds take longer to heal and illnesses take longer to recover.
Breathing difficulties
Slower immune system
Reduced muscle and tissue mass
Difficulty staying warm due to loss of muscle
36
If someones diet consists of food with low energy content than the amount of energy their body uses what will happen to the person?
The person will lose body mass
37
What is respiration?
It is a chemical reaction that allows cells to release energy from food
38
What does metabolic rate mean?
It is the speed which chemical reactions take place in the body.
39
What factors does the metabolic rate vary from?
Age
Gender
Inherited factors
40
The amount of energy you need depends on what?
Age
Gender
Level of activity
41
What will happen if you eat more energy than you use up?
The body will store it as excess fat and result in gaining weight
42
If your energy intake is equal to the energy you use what will happen?
You will remain the same weight
43
What is a pathogen?
They are microorganisms (like bacteria and viruses)
| They cause disease.
44
Why do bacteria and viruses make us ill?
Bacteria releases toxins and they multiply rapidly
| Viruses damage our cells
45
Diseases caused by bacteria?
Food poising
Cholera
Whooping cough
46
What is a vaccination?
It is putting a small amount of an inactive form of pathogen, or dead pathogen into the body.
47
How does the vaccination protect the body?
It causes the body to produce enough white blood cells.
48
What do medicines do to the body to protect it?
It relieves the symptoms of a disease
| Kill the infectious pathogen
49
What does antibiotics do?
They kill bacteria or stop the growth
| It is important that specific bacteria should be treated using specific antibiotics.
50
What do white blood cells do to protect the body?
Ingest pathogens and destroy them.
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.
Produce antitoxins that act against the toxins released by the pathogens.
51
How do antibodies protect the body?
Stick to the pathogens and destroy them
| Coat pathogens, clumping them together so they become easily ingested by phagocytes.
52
What are lymphocytes?
They produce a specific type of antibody
| When the antibody meets the antigen the lymphocyte reproduces quickly and makes many copies of the antibody.
53
What will be the impact if more people are immune to a particular pathogen?
The more people vaccinated, the number of cases of the disease decrease.
54
Name the four things plants compete for?
Light
Water
Space
Mineral salts
55
Why do plants need water?
Water is needed for photosynthesis.
56
Where does the water enter the plant?
Through the stem, and travels up to its leaves.
| In the leaves water evaporates as the plant exchanges water for carbon dioxide
57
Why do plants need light?
To power the process of photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun
58
Why do plants need space?
Roots and leaves need room to grow.
Plants become stunted or to small.
They will most likely suffer from diseases since airflow may be limited.
59
What two important minerals are needed?
Nitrate
| Magnesium
60
What is nirate for?
Making amino acid, which are needed to make proteins
61
What is magnesium for?
Making chlorophyll
62
If it does not receive nirate?
it will suffer from stunted growth
63
If it does not receive magnesium?
Its leaves will turn yellow
64
What 3 things do animals compete for?
Food
Water
Space
65
What does adaptation mean?
surviving in different conditions.
66
What does variation mean?
Involves small changes between organisms which may allow that organism to compete for better survival.
Environmental or genetic causes
67
Describe why a polar bears needs to survive and how?
White appearance, camouflage from prey on snow
Thick layers of fat and fur for insulation
Greasy coat which shreds water after swimming
68
What is continuous variation?
Has no limit.
Height
Weight
Foot length
69
What is discontinuous variation?
No limit. Only certain catergories
Gender
Blood group
Eye clour
70
How does a birds beak help it to survive?
Climbing, Clean, communicate, weapon
71
How does the shape of an animals nose or ears help it survive?
Ears help animals hear if a predator is coming. They are also many different ear shapes.
Nose helps sniff food and sense danger
72
First step in tissue cloning?
Tissue sample is scraped from the parent plant
73
Second step in tissue cloning?
The tissue samples are placed in Agar growth which contain nutrients and auxin's
74
Third step in tissue cloning?
The tissue sample will then begin to develop into tiny plant lets
75
Final step in tissue cloning?
The plant lets finally planted into compost
76
Differentiate cells into...?
Stem, root and leaf cells.
77
What is embryo transplanting?
Developing embryo is removed from pregnant animal at and early stage, before the embryos cells have time to become specialised.
78
When the offspring is born what happens?
They are identical to each other
79
Why are they not identical to their hosts mother?
They contain different genetic infomation
80
First step in adult cell cloning?
The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell and discarded
81
Second step in adult cell cloning?
Nucleus removed from an adult body cell and then injected into the egg cell
82
Third step in adult cell cloning?
Electric shock is applied to make the egg cell begin to divide to form am embryo
83
Fourth step in adult cell cloning?
While it is still a ball of cells, the embryo is then inserted back into the womb of an adult female
84
Fifth step in adult cell cloning?
Embryo continues to grow and develop
85
How was dolly the sheep produced?
Using the nuclues from an udder cell, but also skin cells
86
What do hormones control in the menstrual cycle?
Controlling the release of an egg
| Changing the thickness of the uterus lining
87
What 2 things does oestrogen do?
Stops Fsh being produced
| It stimulates pituitary gland to release Lh
88
What does Lh do?
Causes the mature egg to be released from ovary
89
What day is the oestrogen levels highest?
When the egg is being released
| Day 14
90
When is progesterone at its highest levels?
When the lining is mainaining
91
The central nervous system is what?
The brain and the spinal cord
92
The peripheral nervous system is what?
Nerve cells which carry information to or from CNS
93
In order list how information flows from receptors to effectors in the nervous system?
```
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
Response
```
94
Describe a reflex arc?
Receptor in skin detects a stimulus
Sensory neurone sends impulses to relay neurone
Motor neurone sends impulses to effector
Effector produces a response
95
How does information cross a synapse?
Neurontransmitters
96
What happens after a neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synapse?
Diffuse across the gap and make the other neuron transmit electrical impulses
97
Auxins make what part of the plant grow faster?
Plant stem
98
Why does light coming in from the window do to the plant?
Destroys the auxin on that side of the stem
99
On the shaded side of the plant there is more auxin, resulting in what?
Growth on that side speeds up
100
Where is the auxins produced ?
Tip of the shoot
101
If tips are removed auxin's cant be produced, meaning?
Phototropism cant occur
102
What does fusion cell cloning involve?
Replacing the nucleus of an unfertilised egg with one from a different cell
103
Antibiotics do what to bacteria?
Kill and stop their growth
104
Why doesn't antibiotics work against viruses?
Viruses live and reproduce inside cells
105
What was the first antibiotic made and when?
Penicillin in 1928
106
To kill bacteria we should always?
Avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics
| Complete full course
107
Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of...
Non-resident strains
108
Resident pathogens do what?
Survive and reproduce
109
Population of resistant pathogens is what?
Increasing
