Biology and Psychology

Question 1

Lamarck argued animals develop via 2 forces:

Answer 1

Complexifying force: Strive for better organisation.

Adapting force: Change according to circumstance.

Question 2

What is the difference between Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Anaximander’s Theory of Evolution?

Answer 2

Theory of Evolution states that only the genes cause the mutations when an animal is born whereas
Anaximander’s Theory states that complexifying and adapting forces cause animals to have mutations throughout their life span
to then be passed on to their offspring

Question 3

Darwinian evolution:
What are the standard 4 principles?

Answer 3

Organisms differ (inheritance/ Random variation

Change in environment/ resources (earthquakes)

More organisms are born than
resources can support

Those more adapted to conditions will reproduce (+likely to survive)

Question 4

All life is equally evolved and all life share a common ancestor
True of false?

Answer 4

True (humans and chimps)

except for octopus

Question 4

What does Ethology consist of?

Answer 4

Instinct, aggression

Learning, habituation

Mating, sexual selection

Social groups

Question 5

What were Tinbergen’s 4 questions in relation to animals
Super Normal Stimulus?

Answer 5

Function (adaption):
How does fitness increase?

Evolution (phylogeny):
How did this behaviour start?

Causation (mechanism):
What provokes this?

Development (ontogeny):
How does this behaviour change over the creature’s lifespan?

Question 6

Natural and Sexual selection:

Answer 6

Natural selection=
Random changes

Sexual selection=
Attractive preferences

Question 7

Inter-sexual selection?

Answer 7

Competition between sexes

Males choosing females/ females choosing males for reproduction

Question 8

Intra-sexual selection?

Answer 8

Competition within sexes
Males compete with other males for reproduction with their antlers

Question 9

Galton was a Eugenicist, what does this mean?

Answer 9

Tried to improve the species by selective breeding

Question 10

What did Galton argue about the mismeasure of man?

(Nature vs Nurture)

Answer 10

Bodily and mental characteristics are inherited

Via measuring math relationships between parents and children
(Twin studies)

Question 10

Why was Intelligence testing introduced?

Answer 10

Development of IQ tests
due to The Industrial Revolution

they needed a certain level of ED to operate machinery

Question 11

Freud’s psychodynamic theory includes:

Answer 11

Defence mechanisms.
Psychosexual development.
Freudian personality theory.

Question 11

Freud’s research on Hysteria includes what symptoms?

Answer 11

Anxiety
breathlessness
irritability
sexual promiscuity
muscle spasms

Question 12

What are the social/ cultural implications for Freud’s concept of Hysteria?

Answer 12

Hysteria can be used as a tool of oppression

Question 13

What are Freud’s 3 levels of consciousness?

Answer 13

Conscious.
Preconscious.
Unconscious.

Question 14

According to Freud, what are the 2 basic drives?

Answer 14

Eros- life instinct/ desire to stay alive/ positive motivator

Thanatos- death instinct/ fear of dying/ negative motivator

Question 15

Personality Theory:
What are the 3 components the personality splits into according to Freud?

Answer 15

Superego (internalized morality), societal pressures
settles

Ego (negotiator), reality principle
can have

Id (selfish, animalistic),
pleasure principle
wants

Question 15

Freud’s psychosexual development stages:

Answer 15

Oral (weaning).
Anal (toilet training).
Phallic (parents, 3-6 years).
Latency (until puberty).
Genital (puberty until adulthood).

If the stage-dependent needs aren’t met, child could become fixated/problematic

Question 16

Neuroses, compulsive behaviours, smoking, chewing gum, eating/drinking disorders.

Which Psychosexual stage is this?

Answer 16

ORAL

Question 17

Retentive (fastidious, stingy, clean) & expulsive behaviours (over-sharing, messy, disorganized, inconsiderate).

Which Psychosexual stage is this?

Answer 17

ANAL

Question 18

Extremes of dominant and submissive behaviour Fixations can be averted by using one’s defence mechanisms

Which Psychosexual stage is this?

Answer 18

PHALLIC

Question 19

Name the 8 Defence Mechanisms Freud establishes:
(see book 1)

Answer 19

Reaction formation
Rationalization
Displacement
Identification
Repression
Regression
Projection
Denial

Question 20

Name the 2 complexes put forwards by Freud:

Answer 20

Oedipus complex

Electra complex

Question 21

Oedipus complex

Answer 21

Boys develop sexual feelings for mother

Jealousy & resentment towards father

Fearing the father
boys develop Castration Anxiety

Question 22

Electra complex

Answer 22

Girls develop sexual feelings for the father

Jealousy & resentment towards the mother

Not having the ‘correct’ anatomy, girls develop penis envy