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Biology and physics assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are the major structural material of animal tissue.

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2
Q

How are proteins formed?

A

By joining thousands of amino acid molecules together.

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3
Q

How are proteins formed in a condensation reaction?

A

Formed in a condensation reaction when amino acid molecules join together and a water molecule is removed

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4
Q

Essential amino acids

A

The body can’t always make amino acids which are required to build up protein in the body.

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5
Q

Breaking down proteins

A

protein molecules are broken down by hydrolysis

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6
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

major structural material of animal tissue and are found in animal hair, nails and muscle.

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7
Q

Globular proteins

A

Are involved in the regulation of life processes, they have their spiral chains which are folded into spherical shapes and are generally soluble in water.

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8
Q

Independent variable

A

Altered or changed during an experiment

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9
Q

Dependent variable

A

Being tested or measured during an experiment

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10
Q

Controlled variable

A

A variable which stays the same throughout the experiment

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11
Q

Example of an independent variable

A

temperature

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12
Q

Example of a dependent variable

A

Time taken for starch to be digested

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13
Q

Example of a controlled variable

A

pH, enzyme concentration and volume of enzyme

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14
Q

Testing for proteins

A

Starch is detected by using the iodine solution

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15
Q

Iodine solution

A

When starch is present, solution turns blue-black

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16
Q

Reducing sugars detected using…

A

Benedict’s solution

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17
Q

Lipids are detected by…

A

the emulsion test

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18
Q

How food’s broken down

A

Broken down into smaller pieces in the mouth by chewing- mechanical digestion

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19
Q

Ingestion

A

Food enters the digestive system through the mouth

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20
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Digestion is the break down of large insoluble food molecules into smaller ones

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21
Q

Chemical digestion…

A

chemical digestion involves enzymes. These are proteins that function as biological catalysts.

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22
Q

Protease catalysts

A

The breakdown of proteins in amino acids in the stomach and small intestine

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23
Q

lipases catalysts

A

the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine

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24
Q

amylase catalysts

A

Causes the breakdown of starch into maltose in the mouth and small intestine

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25
Q

maltease catalysts

A

the breakdown of Maltose into glucose in the small intestine

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26
Q

photosynthesis- word

A

carbon dioxide+water—-glucose+oxygen

(light)

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27
Q

symbol equation- photosynthesis

A

6co2+6H20—-C6 H12 O6+6CO2

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28
Q

Which energy?

A

Light

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29
Q

Light energy is absorbed by a green pigment called…

A

chlorophyll

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30
Q

Where is chlorophyll in the plant?

A

Located in chloroplasts in plant cells, paticulary in the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells

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31
Q

Where does carbon dioxide enter the leaves?

A

Through the stomata

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32
Q

Water enters the plants…

A

through the roots and is transported to the leaves in the xylem

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33
Q

Biosynthesis

A

some of the glucose formed for photosynthesis is used for respiration.

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34
Q

ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis

A

the rate of oxygen output
the rate of carbon dioxide uptake
the rate of carbohydrate production

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35
Q

factors that can affect the rate of photsynthesis

A

light intensity
carbon dioxide concentration
temperature

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36
Q

The amount of chlorophyll can also effect the rate of photosynthesis

A

plants in lighting conditions unfavourable for photosynthesis synthesise more chlorophyll, to absorb the light required
the effects of some plant diseases affect the amount of chlorophyll, and therefore the ability of a plant to photosynthesise

37
Q

Light intensity-

A

without enough light a plant can’t photosynthesis quickly,

38
Q

light intensity graph

A

increasing the light intensity, increases the rate of photosynthesis, until some other factor- a limiting factor becomes in short supply. The graph then levels off at a constant rate

39
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

if the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased so will the rate of photosynthesis

40
Q

carbon dioxide graph

A

The graph increases until it gets to a certain point where factors become limiting

41
Q

Temperature

A

At low temperatures the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the number of molecular collisions between enzymes and substrates

42
Q

Temperature graph

A

Photosynthesis works better when the temperature is higher but when it gets to 40 degrees the enzymes begin to denature.

43
Q

Water affecting photosynthesis

A

In the UK, water is often the main limiting factor for photosynthesis.

44
Q

light affecting photosynthesis

A

light intensity fluctuates during the day and is affected by the weather.

45
Q

Carbon dioxide affecting photosynthesis

A

Levels of carbon dioxide are rising because of the amount of greenhouse gas emmisions

46
Q

required practical- photosynthesis

A

a lamp with an led bulb is set up at different distances from the plant in the beaker of water

47
Q

method for required practical- photosynthesis

A

Set up a boiling tube containing 45 cm3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (1%). Allow the tube to stand for a few minutes and shake to disperse any air bubbles that might form.
Cut a piece of the pondweed, Cabomba. The pondweed should be 8 cm long.
Use forcepts to place the pondweed in the boiling tube carefully. Make sure that you don’t damage the pondweed, or cause the liquid to overflow.
Position the boiling tube so that the pondweed is 10 cm away from the light source. Allow the boiling tube to stand for five minutes. Count the number of bubbles emerging from the cut end of the stems in one minute. Repeat the count five times and record your results.
Calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute. Repeat the experiment at different distances away from the light source.
Variables

48
Q

variables for required practical photosynthesis

A

independent variable- distance from the light source/ light intensity

49
Q

dependent variable for photosynthesis

A

the number of bubbles produced per minute

50
Q

control variables

A

concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, temperature, using the same plant piece everytime

51
Q

Charge equation

A

current x time (Q=IT)

52
Q

Charge is measured in…

A

coulombs (C)

53
Q

Current is measured in…

A

Amphs (A)

54
Q

Time is measured in…

A

Seconds (S)

55
Q

Voltage is…

A

The same

56
Q

What is voltage also referred to

A

Potential difference

57
Q

What does it need to do, to make it flow more easily?

A

The more components, the more potential difference

58
Q

What is resistance?

A

The measure of how difficult a component is to get past

59
Q

To get past a resister what is needed?

A

More energy is needed

60
Q

The equation for resistance

A

Resistance=voltage divided by current

V divided by A

61
Q

Current…

A

is the same

62
Q

What happens in resistance in a series circuit?

A

All the resistors in the series circuit add up

63
Q

To calculate resistance in a series circuit…

A

It is voltage divided by resistance

64
Q

What happens to resistance when temperature increases?

A

Resistance decreases

65
Q

Potential difference is…

A

The difference between the volts carried before and after the component. So the amount of energy transferred by the electrical component per unit of charge.

66
Q

Potential difference equation

A

Work done divided by charge
V=W
Q

67
Q

What is electric current the rate of flow of?

A

Electric charge

68
Q

No current can flow when…

A

The circuit is broken

69
Q

When does electric current flow?

A

When electrons move through a current, metal wire. Metals are good conductors of electricity

70
Q

Passing through metallic conductors

A

Electricity passes through metallic conductors as a flow of negatively charged electrons.

71
Q

The electrons are allowed to move from one atom to another freely? What’s this called

A

A sea of delocalised electrons

72
Q

What is needed to let an electric current flow in it

A

Potential difference

73
Q

How is wind produced?

A

As a result of giant convection currents

74
Q

Wind is…

A

kinetic energy and is a renewable energy source

75
Q

Wind turbine are used…

A

use the wind to drive turbines directly

76
Q

What are the blades connected to?

A

Nacelle, which is then linked to a generator

77
Q

Advantages of wind energy-

A

Renewable, no fuel costs

NO harmful polluting gases are produced

78
Q

Disadvantages of wind energy-

A

Wind turbines are loud, could distract peoples lives and wildlife
Depends on the strength of wind and weather
NO wind, no electricity

79
Q

Wave energy

A

Wave machines use the kinetic energy in the movement of waves to drive electricity generators

80
Q

tidal energy

A

A tidal barrage is a barrier built over esturarys to make use of the kinetic energy in the water- barrage contains electrical generators

81
Q

Hydroelectric power

A

Use kinetic energy in moving water, in a dam behind the dam holds gravitational potential energy

82
Q

Advantages of hydroelectric power

A

No fuel costs
No polluting gases
tidal barriers and hydroelectric power stations are reliable

83
Q

Disadvantages of hydroelectric power-

A

Destroy the habitat of estuary species
Flood farmland and push people from their homes
Rotting vegetation underwater releases methane (a greenhouse gas)

84
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Hot water and steam can be used to drive turbines.

85
Q

Solar heating

A

Used to generate electricity by hot water.

86
Q

Evaporation

A

A substance in a liquid state changing into a gas due to an increase in temperature.

87
Q

Amino acid

A

the building blocks that make up a protein molecule

88
Q

Iodine test for starch

A

Place one spatula of the food sample on a dish or 1 cm3 if the sample is liquid.
Using a dropper, place a few drops of iodine solution onto the food.
Record any change in the colour of the solution
will then turn blue-black if there’s starch

biology and physics assessments (1 decks)

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