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Behavioural sciences > Biology and Behaviour > Flashcards

Biology and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

A

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

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2
Q

Transmit information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

A

Motors neurons (efferent neurons)

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3
Q

Most predominat neurons located in the brain and spinal cord between other neurons and are linked to reflexive behaiour

A

Interneurons

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4
Q

Use the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli causing a relfex while simultaneously routing it to the brain

A

relfex arc

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5
Q

The peripheral nervous system nerves

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
olfactory and optic nerves

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6
Q

Assoicated with sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles

A

Somatic nervous system (voluntary)

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7
Q

Regulates heartbeat, temperature, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions

A

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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8
Q

Part of the autonomic system that acts to conserve energy

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

Roles of the parasympthetic nervous system

A 
resting and sleeping states 
reduce heart rate 
contrict bronchi 
constrict pupils 
stimulates flow of salvia
stimultes peristlis and secretion 
stimiluates bile reslease
(rest and digest)
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10
Q

Symptathic nervous system roles

A 
dilates pupils 
inhibits salivation
relaces bronchi
accelerates heartbeat
stilumulates sweating or piloerection
inhibits peristalsis and secretion
simulates glucose production and release 
secreation of adrenaline and noradrenaline 
inhibits bladder contration 
stimulates orgasm
(fight-or-flight)
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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

Thick, three layered sheath of connective tissuive covering the brain

A

Meninges

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13
Q

Outer layer of meninges connected directly to the skull

A

dura mater

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14
Q

Fibrous, weblike middle layer of meninges

A

arachnoid mater

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15
Q

Inner layer of meninges connected directly to the brain

A

pia mater

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16
Q

Aqueous solution that nourishes the brain and spinal cord and provide protective cushion. Reabsorbed by the meninges

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Contain cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ventricles

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18
Q

Includes the hindbrain and midbrain

A

Brain stem

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19
Q

Group of neural structures including the septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex in the forebrain primairly associated with emotion and memory

A

Limbic system

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20
Q

Outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres linked to language processesing, problem solving, impulse control, and long term planning

A

Cerebral cortex

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21
Q

Assoicated with balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, arousal processes - vital functioning - and contains the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation

A

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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22
Q

Divides to form the mylenencephalon and metencephalon in the hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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23
Q

Originates from the rhombencephalon and becomes the medulla oblongata in the hindbrain

A

Myelencephalon

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24
Q

Originates from the rhombencephalon and becomes the pons and cerebellum in the hindbrain

A

metacephalon

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25
Q

Controls heart rate, breathing, digestion vital reflexes (vomiting, coughing)

A

Medulla oblongata

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26
Q

Involved communication with the brain and breathing

A

Pons

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27
Q

Associated with refined motor movements - posture, balance, coordination (impaired by alcohol)

A

Cerebellum

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28
Q

Receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body. Associated with involuntary reflex responses triggerd by visual or auditory stimuli. Includes the inferior (auditory) and superior (visual) colliculi

A

Midbrian (mesencephalon)

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29
Q

Associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, behavioural processes and is associated with emotion and memory. Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganlia, limic system, and cerebral cortex

A

Forbrain (prosencephalon)

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30
Q

Divides to form telenchephalon and diencephalon

A

Prosencephalon

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31
Q

Originates from the prosencephalon and forms cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system in the forebrain

A

telencephalon

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32
Q

Originates from the prosencephalon and forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland in the forebrain

A

Diencephalon

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33
Q

The study of the functions and behaviours associated with specific regions of the brain

A

neuropsychology

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34
Q

Created through electrical stimulation of specific brain regions

A

Cortical maps

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35
Q

Utilizes electrodes on scalp to generate electrical activity by larger groups of neurons

A

electroencephalogram (EEF)

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36
Q

Detects broad patters of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain. Relies on assumption that blood flow increases to regions of brain that are engaged in cognitive function. Uses radioactive gas.

A

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

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37
Q

Multiple X rays taken at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue

A

Computed tomography (compted axial tomography) scan

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38
Q

Radioactive sugar is abosrbed into body and its dispersion and uptake throughout the targer tissue is imaged

A

Positron emission tomography scan

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39
Q

Magentic field interacts with hydrogen atoms to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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40
Q

Measures changes associated with blood flow to characterize neural activity

A

Functional magnetic resonance imagaing (fMRI)

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41
Q

Structures surrounding the brain (most deep to most superficial)

A

meninges, bone, periosteum, and skin

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42
Q

Relay sation for incoming sensory information (except smell)

A

Thalamus

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43
Q

Hypothalamus - maintains and integrates with the endocrine systme through the hypophyseal portal system that connects it to the anterior pituitary

A

Feeding
Fighting
Flighting
(sexual) Functioning

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44
Q

Triggers eating and drinking (hunger centre)

A

lateral hypothalamus

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45
Q

satiety center

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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46
Q

Regualtes sexual behaviour, sleep, and body temperature

A

Anterior hypothalamus

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47
Q

Site of release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin

A

posterior pituitrary

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48
Q

Receives direct signals from the retina and secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

49
Q

Coordinates smooth muscle movements and receives information from the cortex and relays this information to brain and spine

A

Basal ganglia

50
Q

Gathers information about the bodies position and carries this information to the central nervous system

A

extrapyramial system (basal ganglia)

51
Q

Diseases associated with destruction of basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and obessive compulsive disorder

52
Q

Comprised of a group of interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain and is primarily assoicated with emotion and memory. Contains the septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus

A

limbic system

53
Q

Pleasure center of brain - pleasure, pleasure-seeking behaviour, and addiction - part of limbic system

A

Septal Nuclei

54
Q

Plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behaviours - part of limic system

A

Amygdala

55
Q

Plays a vital role in learning and memory processes (especially longterm memory). Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limic systmem through an extension called the fornix

A

Hippocampus

56
Q

Enables communicaton between the hippocampus and other portions of the limbic system

A

Fornix

57
Q

The inability to establish new long-term memories due to damage of hippocampus

A

anterograde amnesia

58
Q

Memory loss of events prior to brain injury

A

retrograde amnesia

59
Q

Functions in regulation of impulse control and decision making

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

60
Q

Outer surface of the brain. The most recent brain region to evovle. Invovled in complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes

A

Cerebral cortex (neocortex)

61
Q

Bumps and folds of the cerebral cortex that provide increased surfac area

A

gyri and sulci

62
Q

Halves of the cerebrum

A

cerebral hemispheres

63
Q

Four lobes of topic cerebral cortex

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital 
Temporal 
(F-POT)
64
Q

Regions of frontal lobe

A 
Prefrontal cortex (executive function - supervises)
Motor cortex
Broca's area - speech production (dominant hemisphere only)
65
Q

Function of the prefrontal cortex

A

Supervises processes such as perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning. Communicates and intergrate infromation from other regions of brain - association area

66
Q

Integrates information from diverse regions of the brain

A

Association area

67
Q

Areas of the brain assicated with rudimentary percepual and motor tasks

A

Perceptual areas

68
Q

Located on the precentral gyrus in front of the central sulcus and is a projection area

A

primary motor cortex

69
Q

Initates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles

A

primary motor cortex

70
Q

The neurons in the motor cortex are arranged systematically according to the parts of the brain they are assoicated with

A

motor humunculus

71
Q

Associated with touch, temperature, and pain. Central region of lobe is associated with spatial processing and manupulation, and orientation

A

parietal lobe

72
Q

Located on the postcentral gyrus just below the central suclus and invovled in somatosensory information processing. A projection area that is a destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

A

somatosensory cortex

73
Q

The lobe located at the rear of the brain and contains the visual or striate cortext

A

occipital lobe

74
Q

The region in the temporal lobe that is the primary site of sound processing including speech, musics, and other sound information

A

Auditory cortex

75
Q

Region of temporal lobe that is associated with langauage reception and comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

76
Q

Lobe associated with hearing, memory processing, emotion, and language. Includes auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, and the limbic system

A

Temporal lobe

77
Q

When one side of the brain communciates with the opposite side of the body

A

Contraleteral commuicates

78
Q

When cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral communication

79
Q

Hemisphere that is more stimulated during language reception and production and is primarily analytic in function, making it well-suited for managing detail.

A

Dominant hemisphere (left side usually)

80
Q

Hemisphere assoicated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing

A

non-dominant hemisphere (usually right)

81
Q

Associated with vital functioning (breathing, digestion)

A

Medulla oblongata

82
Q

Assoicated with arousal and altertness

A

Reticular formation

83
Q

Neurotransmitter linked to voluntary muscle control in the somatic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alterness. Found in CNS and PNS

A

Acetylcholine

84
Q

Primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system that are linked to fight or flight response, wakefulness, alertness.

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

85
Q

Neurotransmitter linked to smooth movements and postural stability. High concentrations found in the basal ganglia. High levels assoicated with schizophrenia. Low levels assoicated with Parkinson’s disease

A

dopamine

86
Q

Neurotransmitter (monoamine or biogenic amine) linked to mood, sleep, eating, dreaming. High levels - manic. Low levels - depression.

A

serotonin

87
Q

Neurotransmitter linked to neural stabilization in brain. Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane

A

GABA and glycine

88
Q

Neurotransmitter that acts as a natural painkiller

A

Endorphins

89
Q

A drug the mimics the action of some neurotransmitter

A

agonist

90
Q

Drugs that act by blocking the action of neurotransmitters

A

antagonists

91
Q

Neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, that play a role in emotion

A

catecholamines (monoamines or biogenic amines)

92
Q

Neurotransmitter that causes excitation in the brain

A

Glutamate

93
Q

Slow acting peptide neurotransmitters that have longer effects including endorphins and enkephalins

A

Neuromodulators

94
Q

An internal communication network that uses hormones as chemical messengers. Linked to the nervous system through thehypothalamus

A

the endocrine system

95
Q

The system that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through endocrine release of hromones

A

Hypophyseal portal system

96
Q

The master gland located at the base of the brain which is divided into the anterior and posterior and secretes hormones into bloodstream that travel to other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

97
Q

Glands located on top of kidneys. Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine which is assoicated with sympathetic nervous system effetcs throughout the body and the adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids, testosterone and estrogen.

A

adrenal glands

98
Q

Type of study that relies on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similiar genotypically than unrelated indviduals

A

Family studies

99
Q

Compares concordance rates (liklihood that both twins exhibit the same trait) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

A

Twin studies

100
Q

Compare the similarities between biological relatives and adopted children to similarities between adoptive relatives and the adopted child

A

Adoption studies

101
Q

The development of the nervous system where the ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surround by two neural folds. Cells at the leading edge of the fold (neural crest) migrate throughout body and form tissues while the remainder of the furrow becomes theneural tube which ultimately becomes the CNS. The neural tube has an alar plate which differentiates into sensory neurons and a basal plate which differeniates into motor neurons. The neurla tube invaginates and folds; the embryonic brain has three swellings which become five swellings in the mature brain.

A

Neurulaton

102
Q

A behaviour that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input.

A

Reflexes

103
Q

Automatic turning of the head in the directin of a stimulus that touches the cheek

A

rooting reflex

104
Q

Infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging thier arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying. Usually dissappears after four months

A

Moro reflec

105
Q

Toes automatically spread apart when the sole of the foot is stimulated

A

Babinski reflex

106
Q

Infant closes fingers around object placed in hand

A

Grasping reflex

107
Q

Movements from large muscle groups and whole body motion, such as sitting, crawling,and walking. Development occurs from head to toe and from core to the periphery

A

gross motor skills

108
Q

Movements invovling the smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes. Include ability to track motion, draw, catch, and wave

A

Fine motor skills

109
Q

children play alongside each other without influencing each other’s behaviour

A

parallel play

110
Q

Three types of neurons in nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
interneurons

111
Q

Part of the autonomic nervous system that is activated by stress

A

sympathetic nervous system

112
Q

Part of the autonomic nervous system that is activated by stress

A

sympathetic nervous system

113
Q

Early theory that behaviour, intellect, and personality linked to brain anatomy

A

Franz Gall

114
Q

Measured psychological attributes by measuring the skull (false)

A

Phrenology

115
Q

The first to study sections of brain though extirpation or ablation (similar to creating knockouts) on rabbits and pigeons - parts are removed from brain and the behavioural consequences are observed. Led to assertion that specific parts of brain have specific function

A

Pierre Flourens

116
Q

Father of American psychology. Studied how minds adapt to the environment - functionalism - how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment

A

William James

117
Q

Inception of functionalism - article criticized the concept of reflex arc which breaks reaction into discrete parts. Believed that psychology should focus on the whole organism as it adapts to the environment

A

John Dewey

118
Q

First to show that specific lesions led to specific behavioural deficits.
Studied a man who was unable to speak due to lesions on left side of brain - now called Broca’s region

A

Paul Broca

119
Q

First to recognize synapses. He thought the synaptic transmission was an electrical process which is wrong - primarily chemical

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

Behavioural sciences (2 decks)

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