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Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Franz Gall (1758-1828)

A
  • Developed doctrine of phrenology (if trait is well-developed, then trait-specific part of brain expands)
  • Expansion pushes that area of skull outward (bulge on head)
  • Measure the skull to learn psychological attributes
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2
Q

Pierre Flourens (1794 - 1867)

A
  • Studied functions of major sections of brain
  • Used extirpation/ablation on rabbits and pigeons
    (parts of brain surgically removed and behavioral consequences observed)
  • Realized parts of brain have specific functions & removal of one part weakens whole brain
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3
Q

William James (1842 - 1910)

A
  • father of American psychology

- Studied how mind functioned in adapting to environment (Functionalism)

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4
Q

John Dewey (1859 - 1952)

A
  • (Functionalism)
  • Criticized “reflex arc” (breaks process of reacting to stimulus –> discrete parts)
  • Believed psychology should focus on whole organisms as it adapted to environment
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5
Q

Paul Broca (1824 - 1880)

A
  • Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
  • Studied people with legions in specific regions of brain = functional impairments
  • Broca’s area (lesion on left side)
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6
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

A
  • Measured speed of nerve impulse (in terms of reaction time)
  • Made psychology a natural science
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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington (1857 - 1952)

A
  • Synapses

- Thought synaptic transmission was electrical process (but actually, it’s chemical)

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8
Q

Sensory neurons (Afferent neurons)

A

Transmit sensory information from receptors TO spinal cord and brain (CNS)

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9
Q

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

Transmit motor information FROM spinal cord and brain (CNS) –> to muscles and glands

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10
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Between other neurons & “most numerous”
  • Mostly CNS
  • Linked to reflexive behavior (reflex arcs)
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11
Q

What if foot steps on nail? (Reflex arcs)

A

Sensory neurons send impulse to CNS. Sensory neurons connect with interneurons, which can relay pain impulses up to brain, and send signals to muscles of both legs directly to remove foot (reflex arc control reflexive behavior)

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12
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): What is it composed of?

A
  • Made of nervous tissue and fibers outside of CNS
    (12 pairs of cranial; 31 pairs of spinal nerves)
  • PNS connects CNS to rest of body and divides into somatic and autonomic (which divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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14
Q

Functions of Somatic nervous system

A

Consists of sensory and motor neurons in skin, joints, and muscles
VOLUNTARY

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15
Q

Functions of Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Regulates “automatic” heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretion
INVOLUNTARY
- Regulates body temperature by activating sweating or piloerection

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16
Q

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nervous systems (heart rate and digestion)

A

Sympathetic- accelerate heart rate & inhibit digestion

Parasympathetic- decelerate heart rate & increase digestion

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17
Q

Overall functions of Parasympathetic nervous system (R/D)

A

Conserve energy

  • Reduce heart rate and constrict bronchi
  • Manage digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions
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18
Q

Functions of Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • constricts pupils
  • stimulates flow of saliva
  • constricts bronchi
  • slows heartbeat
  • stimulates peristalsis & secretion
  • stimulates bile release
  • contracts bladder
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19
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (F/F)

A

Activated by stress:

  • Increases heart rate
  • Redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion
  • Increases blood glucose concentration
  • Relaxes bronchi
  • Decreases digestion and peristalsis
  • Dilates eyes to maximize light intake
  • Releases epinephrine to bloodstream
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20
Q

Functions of Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Dilates pupils
  • inhibits salivation
  • relaxes bronchi
  • accelerates heartbeat
  • stimulates sweating or piloerection
  • inhibits peristalsis and secretion
  • stimulates glucose production and release
  • secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • inhibits bladder contraction
  • stimulates orgasm
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21
Q

Functions of what covers the brain? What is it composed of?

A

Meninges (thick sheath of connective tissue) to protect brain, keep it anchored in skull, and resorb cerebrospinal fluid. Composed of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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22
Q

What fluid does the brain and spinal cord rest? What is it produced by?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid; produced by specialized cells that line ventricles of brain

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23
Q

Subdivisions of brain

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

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24
Q

Forebrain

A

Developed later.

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25
Q

What forms the brainstem? What is the most primitive (early stage) region of brain?

A

Hindbrain and midbrain form brainstem (primitive region)

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26
Q

Which structure has most recently evolved?

A

Cerebral cortex

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27
Q

How many swellings in neural tube (which brain develops from) initially? Later?

A

Initially, 3 swellings (hind, mid, and forebrain); Later, 5 swellings (both hind & forebrain divide)… Becomes CNS

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28
Q

Functions of Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

A

Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, adn general arousal (sleeping and waking)
- Survival functions

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29
Q

What does the rhombencephalon divide to form? What do those structures eventually become?

A

Divides to form myelencephalon (becomes medulla oblongata) & metencephalon (becomes pons and cerebellum)

30
Q

Medulla oblongata- Where is it? Functions?

A

Lower brain structure; regulates functions such as breathing, heart rate, and BP

31
Q

Pons- Where is it? What does it contain?

A

Above the medulla and contains sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla!

32
Q

Cerebellum- Where is it? Functions?

What does damage (oh no!) cause? Example?

A

Top of hindbrain; maintains posture, balance, and coordinates body movements
- Damage causes clumsiness, slurred speech, and loss of balance
(alcohol)

33
Q

Function of Reticular formation

A

Arousal and alertness

34
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)- Where is it? What does it receive?

A

Right above hindbrain; receives sensory and motor information from rest of body.

35
Q

What is the midbrain’s responses triggered by?

A

Midbrain- associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli

36
Q

Function of nuceli in midbrain?

A

SENSORIMOTOR REFLEXES
Superior colliculus- receives visual sensory input; Inferior colliculus receives sensory information from auditory system (reflexive reactions to sudden LOUD noises)

37
Q

Forebrain (prosencephalon)- primary functions? Divides to become?

A

Emotion & Memory; prosencephalon divides to form telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system) & diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland)

38
Q

Which subdivision of brain has the greatest influence on human behavior? Largest portion by weight and volume?

A

Forebrain

39
Q

Functions of cerebral cortex

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

40
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Movement

41
Q

Function of limbic system

A

Emotion & Memory

42
Q

Function of thalamus

A

Sensory relay system

43
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Hunger, thirst; emotion

44
Q

Method of study

A
  1. EEG (to detect and record broad patterns of electrical activity)
  2. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF): detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of brain (assumes specific cognitive function activates certain part of brain, and blood flow to that region increases)
45
Q

In rCBF, how to measure blood flow?

A

Patient inhales harmless radioactive gas. Device detects radioactivity in bloodstream.

46
Q

rCBF uses what devices to generate pictures of brain?

A

Noninvasive computerized scanning devices, such as CT scans, PET scans, or MRIs

47
Q

Forebrain- What makes up telencephalon? Diencephalon?

A

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system); Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland)

48
Q

Thalamus- which sensory information is not processed by thalamus? What happens after thalamus receives incoming sensory impulses?

A

Sensory relay system for all senses except smell. After receiving impulses, thalamus sorts and transmits them to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex.

49
Q

Hypothalamus- division? Functions?

A

Lateral, ventromedial, and anterior hypothalamus.
Emotional experiences during high arousal states, aggressive & sexual behavior & some endocrine functions & ANS

50
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)- Receptors for what?

A

“hunger center” receptors to detect when body needs more food/fluid.
Triggers eating and drinking

51
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)- Signals to what? What can brain lesions in VMH lead to?

A

“satiety center” Provides signals to STOP eating; brain lesions lead to OBESITY.

52
Q

Anterior hypothalamus (AH)- Function?Damage of AH leads to?

A

Controls sexual behavior, regulates sleep and body temp; Damage to AH leads to permanent inhibition of sexual activity

53
Q

Posterior pituitary- Comprised of what? Releases what?

A

Axonal projections from hypothalamus; site of release for hormones: ADH (aka vasopressin) and Oxytocin

54
Q

Pineal gland- Secretes what? Relationship with retina?

A

Secretes hormone: Melatonin (regulates circadian rhythms); receives direct signals from retina for coordination with sunlight

55
Q

Basal Ganglia- Functions? Where do they receive info from? Where do they relay info to?

A

Coordinate muscle movement (make movements smooth and posture steady); Receives info from cortex and relay info via extrapyramidal motor system to brain and spinal cord

56
Q

Extrapyramidal motor system

A

gathers information about body position and carries info to CNS

57
Q

Damage to basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease- jerky movements and resting tremors; schizophrenia and OCD

58
Q

Limbic system- primary components?

A

Septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus;

(not so primary) thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex

59
Q

Function of septal nuclei?

A

Pleasure and addiction

60
Q

Function of amygdala? Lesions in amygdala lead to?

A

Fear and aggression; lesions to amygdala result in docility and hypersexual states.

61
Q

Function of hippocampus? Through what structure does hippocampus communicate with other portions of limbic system?

A

Emotion and memory; consolidate info to form long-term memories; FORNIX- hippocampus communicates with other portions of limbic system

62
Q

Anterograde amnesia- Removal of what causes it? What is it?

A

Removal of amygdala and hippocampus; can NOT establish new long-term memories (remembers past)

63
Q

Retrograde amnesia- What is it?

A

Memory loss of events before brain injury (doesn’t remember past)

64
Q

Cerebral cortex (neocortex)- Benefit of bumps and folds?

A

Gyri (bumps) and sulci (folds) = convoluted structure = INCREASED surface area

65
Q

Frontal lobe- What are 2 regions of frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal lobes & motor cortex

66
Q

Prefrontal cortex- Function? Example: memory- what is role of prefrontal cortex?

A

Manages executive function by supervising and directing operations related to perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning;
In memory, role is NOT to store memory trances, but remind individual that he/she has something to remember

67
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex communicate with to regulate attention and alertness?

A

Reticular formation (to tell person to wake up or relax)

68
Q

Difference between association area and projection area?

A

Association area- integrates input from diverse brain regions; Projection area- perform simple perceptual and motor tasks (ex. visual cortex (receives visual input from retina); motor cortex (sends out motor commands to muscles))

69
Q

Damage to prefrontal cortex causes what?

A

More impulsive and less control over behavior, depressed; make vulgar and inappropriate sexual remarks or be apathetic

70
Q

Primary motor cortex- located on what?

A

Located on precentral gyrus and initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord toward muscles

Behavioral Science (1 decks)

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