Biology and Behavior

Question 1

phrenology

Answer 1

if a particular trait was well-developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that trait. (physical=psychological attribute)

Question 2

ablation

Answer 2

surgically removing and observing the behavioral consequences

Question 3

functionalism

Answer 3

system of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

Question 4

meninges

Answer 4

3 layers- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 5

cerebral cortex

Answer 5

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

Question 6

basal ganglia

Answer 6

movement (if diseased, parkinsons)

Question 7

limbic system

Answer 7

emotion and memory

Question 8

thalamus

Answer 8

sensory relay station

Question 9

hypothalamus

Answer 9

hunger and thirst; emotion

Question 10

midbrain- inferior and superior colliculi

Answer 10

sensorimotor reflexes

Question 11

cerebellum

Answer 11

refined motor movements

Question 12

medulla oblongata

Answer 12

vital functioning (breathing, digestion)

Question 13

reticular formation

Answer 13

arousal and alertness

Question 14

cortical maps

Answer 14

using electrical stimulation in the visual cortex and if the patient sees flashes of light tht arent really there

Question 15

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Answer 15

several electrodes on scalp (noninvasive) electrical activity detected nd recorded

Question 16

regional cerebral blood flow

Answer 16

rCBF paired with CT PET or MRI and under the assumption that radioactivity levels= cerebral blood flow

Question 17

posterior pituitary

Answer 17

releases ADH - antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Question 18

pineal gland

Answer 18

melatonin releaser for circadian rhythms

Question 19

septal nuclei

Answer 19

• primary pleasure center / addictive behavior

Question 20

amygdala

Answer 20

aggressive behaviors such as rage and fear

Question 21

hippocampus

Answer 21

learning and memory

Question 22

anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

not being able to establish new long term memories but prior memories re there

Question 23

retrograde amnesia

Answer 23

memory loss of events before brain injury happened

Question 24

4 lobe of the brain

Answer 24

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 25

association area

Answer 25

an area that integrates input from different regions of the brain

Question 26

projection areas

Answer 26

perform more rudimentary or simple pereptual and motor tasks

Question 27

primary motor cortex

Answer 27

initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spine

Question 28

Broca's area

Answer 28

speech production- found in the dominant hemisphere- left hemi

Question 29

wernicke's area

Answer 29

language reception and comprehension

Question 30

contralateral communication

Answer 30

hemispheres communicate with each other

Question 31

ipsilateral communication

Answer 31

only communication on the same side of the body

Question 32

dominant hemisphere

Answer 32

heavily stimulated during language reception and production. usually the left with broca and wernickes areas

Question 33

non dominant hemisphere

Answer 33

intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing

Question 34

acetylcholine

Answer 34

PNS- transmit nerve impulses to the muscles, CNS- attention and arousal , linked with alzheimeres disease because of the loss of cholinergic neurons

Question 35

epinephrine and norepinephrine and dopamine

Answer 35

catecholamines

Question 36

catecholamines are

Answer 36

known to control emotional experience

Question 37

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 37

control alertness and wakefulness for the sympathetic nervous system to promote fight or flight response

Question 38

norepi

Answer 38

acts at the local level as a neurotransmitter low levels = depression high levels= mania

Question 39

epinephrine

Answer 39

secreted from adrenal medulla to act systematically as a hormone

Question 40

dopamine

Answer 40

movement and posture imbalances play a role in schizophrenia - too much dopamine or over sensitivity to dopamine in the brain Parkinson's disease- loss of dopaminergic neruons in basal ganglia

Question 41

serotonin

Answer 41

play a role in regulating mood eating sleeping and dreaming | too much = manic state, too little= depression

Question 42

GABA

Answer 42

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to stabilize neural activity via hyperpolarization

Question 43

glycine

Answer 43

inhibitory via hyperpolarization

Question 44

glutamate

Answer 44

excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 45

neuromodulators

Answer 45

neuropeptides that are slow and have longer effects | ex: endorphins which are natural painkillers like morphine

Question 46

hypophyseal portal

Answer 46

paracrine communication between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 47

adrenal medulla

Answer 47

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 48

adrenal cortex

Answer 48

corticosteroids- testosterone and estrogen

Question 49

rooting reflex

Answer 49

turning head in the direction of stimulus that touches the cheek

Question 50

moro reflex

Answer 50

infants react to abrupt movements by flinging out their arms and slowly retracting their arms while crying

Question 51

babinski reflex

Answer 51

toes spread apart when the sole of the foot stimulated

Question 52

grasping reflex

Answer 52

infant closes his or her fingers around an object placed in hand