Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves and tissues outside of the brain,

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3
Q

somatic nervous system

A

subset of PNS–sensory/motor neurons in skin, muscles and joints–afferent neurons send info from receptors to the spinal cord and efferent neurons send motor impulse functions from spinal cord and brain to the rest of body

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4
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

“automatic” functions of the body beyond conscious control (heartbeat, sweat, involuntary muscle movements)

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5
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

in charge of calming the body down/slowing down autonomic functions. “rest and digest” . slows down heart beat, releases enzymes and promotes digestion, bronchi constrict, etc

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6
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

not very sympathetic!! in charge of speeding up autonomic functions. heart rate increase, pupils dilate, bronchi widen, digestion slows, “fight or flight”

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7
Q

What is the main role of the hindbrain (rhombencephalon)? location?

A

located where brain meets spinal cord (see diagram). All of your primitive functions (first thing we evolved): balance, motor skills, breathing, digestion, coordination, general arousal

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8
Q

medulla oblongata is located in the _________ and it’s primary roles are______

A

hindbrain (see diagram), VITAL functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure

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9
Q

the pons is located in the _______ and it’s primary role is ________

A

connection zone between the cortex and medulla

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10
Q

the cerebellum is located in _________ and it’s primary role is ________

A

balance, body movements, posture

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11
Q

What is the main role of the Midbrain (mesencephalon)?

A

receives sensory information from the rest of the body. involuntary reflexes from stimuli.

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12
Q

the superior colliculus receives what kind of information?what region of brain is it associated with?

A

visual information; midbrain

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13
Q

the inferior colliculus receives what kind of information? what region of the brain is it associated with?

A

auditory information; midbrain

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14
Q

What is the Forebrain (prosencephalon) in charge of?

A

complex behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual processes. emotion and memory as well. biggest influence on behavior!

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15
Q

the thalamus is located in _________ and it’s primary role is ________

A

forebrain, relay station or “port” for incoming sensory information–sorts/transmits information to other parts of the cortext

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16
Q

the hypothalamus is located in _________ and it’s primary role is ________

A

forebrain, “fight, flight, feed, and fuck”; emotional experiences in high arousal, aggressive, and sexual behavior. as well as the autosomal nervous system and some endocrine functions:
metabolism, hunger, thirst, water balance, temperature, sexual behavior

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17
Q

Lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus:
Which is in charge of triggering eat and drinking? which is in charge of signaling to stop eating? what happens if either is lesioned?

A

answer: LH for triggering; VMH for signaling to stop.

if LH lesioned, starvation occurs. VMH lesioned, obesity

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18
Q

the pituitary gland is located in _________ and it’s primary role is ________

A

forebrain, projects from hypothalamus; releases hypothalamic hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and oxycotin

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19
Q

the pineal gland is located in _________ and it’s primary role is ________

A

forebrain; circadian and biological rhythms! releases melatonin, receives stimulus from the retina because the sun and sunlight

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20
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia and where are they located? what disease arises from a disruption in the basal ganglia?

A

located deep within the cerebral cortex of the brain. they coordinate smooth muscle movement; parkinson’s disease

21
Q

Limbic system: give an overview

A

**memory and emotion; a series of interconnected structures near the brain center.
septal nuclei
amygdala
hippocampus

22
Q

the septal nuclei is part of the _____ system and it’s primary role is ________

A

limbic system; pleasure center; affiliated with addiction

23
Q

the amygdala is part of the _____ system and it’s primary role is ________ and a lesion in this region causes_____

A

limbic system; defense and aggression; hyperdocial/hypersexual

24
Q

the hippocampus is part of the _____ system and it’s primary role is ________ and a lesion in this region causes_____

A

limbic system; stores information into long term memory; amnesia/inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia)

25
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cannot form new memories

26
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

cannot remember things from before trauma

27
Q

What two regions make up the frontal lobe?

A

prefontal cortex; primary motor cortext

28
Q

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex? where is in located?

A

located in frontal lobe; manager of memory emotion and impulse control. **an association area–it integrates many stimuli and information

29
Q

what is the role of the primary motor cortex? where is in located?

A

frontal lobe; voluntary motor movement. **a projection area–rudimentary functions

30
Q

the broca’s area is located in the _____ and it’s function is_______

A

frontal lobe (left hemisphere); speech

31
Q

What is the role of the Parietal lobe?`

A

somatosensory cortex is here–destination for all sensory information of touch, temperature, and pain

32
Q

what is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

vision, some memory functions

33
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

sound processing (auditory cortex), language reception (wernicke’s region), memory processing and emotion

34
Q

auditory cortex

A

sound processing

35
Q

what is the role of wernicke’s region and where is it found?

A

language comprehension; temporal lobe/left hemisphere

36
Q

neurons communicating across the right and left hemispheres is _____ communication and communication within the same side is ______ communication

A

contralateral; ipsilateral

37
Q

what is the role of Acetylcholine?

A

neurotransmitter, transmits nerve impulses to muscles
linked to attention and arousal
mostly used by parasympathetic nervous system

38
Q

what would be the effect of losing cholinergic neurons?

A

possibility of developing alzheimers

39
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (catecholamines)

A

neurotransmitter, in charge of altertness and wakefulness

norepinephrine=local, epinephrine=more systemic

40
Q

what would happen if you had low norepinephrine levels? High?

A

depression; mania

41
Q

Dopamine (catecholamine)

A

movement, posture, high concentrations in basal ganglia

42
Q

what could too much dopamine/a sensitivity to it cause? what could a loss of dopaminergic neruons cause?

A

schizophrenia; Parkinson’s disease

43
Q

Serotonin

A

sleep, mood, eating, dreaming

44
Q

too much serotonin causes what? too little?

A

euphoria/mania; depression (think MDMA and bath-salts effects and crash)

45
Q

GABA

A

regulates brain function, stabilizes neural activity by hyper-polarization of postsynaptic membrane

46
Q

Glycine

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

47
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

48
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters

A

Endorphines, natural pain-killers, slower acting than regular neurotransmitters