Biology Additional Flashcards
Respiration that uses oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
Equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose –> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
Equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
glucose –> lactic acid (+ energy)
Equation for anaerobic respiration used in fermentation
glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)
Small molecules that are joined in long chains to make proteins. All the proteins in living things are made from 20 of these joined in different orders.
Amino acids
Respiration that does not use oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
Group of proteins made by white blood cells to fight microorganisms. They are specific to antigens.
Antibodies
A plant hormone that affects growth and development.
Auxin
A long thin extension of the cytoplasm of a neuron that carries electrical impulses very quickly
Axon
The way that bases in a DNA molecule always pair up
A pairs with T and C pairs with G
Drugs that block the receptor sites for the hormone adrenaline.
Beta blockers
Ethanol fuel produced in yeast fermentation of plants like sugar cane
bioethanol
Thin layer surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell it allows molecules to move in and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
Rigid outer layer of plant cells and bacteria
Cell wall
The chemical that makes up most of the fibre in food. The body cannot digest it.
Cellulose
In mammals it is the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
Highly folded outer layer of the brain concerned with conscious behaviour
Cerebral coretex
A green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs energy from sunlight for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
An organelle found in some plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.
Chloroplast
Long thin threadlike structure in the nucleus of cell made up of a long molecule of DNA
Chromosome
A new cell or individual made by asexual reproduction. It has the same genes as its parent
Clone
A reflex where the response is associated with a secondary stimulus, for example, a dog salivates when it hears a bell because it has associated the bell with the food.
Conditioned reflex
Gel enclosed by the cell membrane that contains the cell organelles such as mitochondria
Cytoplasm
A change in an enzyme by temperature or pH that changes the shape of the active site.
Denatures
Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Diffusion
The shape of the DNA molecule
Double Helix
A drug that increases the concentration of seratonin at the synapses in the brain. Long term use results in destruciton of the synapse.
Ecstasy
Unspecialised cell in the very early embryo that can develop into any type of cell or even a whole individual.
Embryonic Stem Cell
A protein that speeds up (catalyses) chemical reactions in living things
Enzyme
Waste product from anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast
Ethanol
Layer wrapped around the outside of an axon to insulate neurones from each other and speed up nervous impulses.
Fatty Sheath
A developing human embryo once it reaches eight weeks after fertilization.
Fetus
The sex cells that fuse to form a zygote
Gametes
A section of DNA that gives the instructions for making one kind of protein
Gene
How cells become specialised and do not make every type of protein
Gene Switching
Sugar produced during photosynthesis
Glucose
The place where an organism lives
Habitat
A chemical messenger that brings about changes in cells or tissues in different parts of plants and animals.
Hormone
An automatic response made without conscious thought
Involuntary
Waste product from anaerobic respiration in animals
Lactic Acid
The stages an organism goes through as it matures, develops, and reproduces.
Life cycle
The model that explains how enzymes work. The active site of the enzyme is the correct shape for a specific substrate and will not fit other molecules.
Lock and key model
The part of the memory that stores information for a long period or permanently
Long term memory
Cell division that halves the number of chromosomes to produce gametes
Meiosis
Unspecialised cells in plants that can develop into any type of specialised cell.
Meristem cell
An organelle in animal and plant cells where respiration takes place.
Mitochondria
Cell division that makes two new cells identical to each other and to the parent cell.
Mitosis
A neuron that carries nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to an effector
Motor neuron
A chemical involved in making proteins in cells. It carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA
An explanation for how the memory works that involves repetition and rehearsal.
Multi-store memory model.
Electrical signals carried by neurons
Nerve impulses
Tissues and organs that control the body’s responses to stimuli.
Nervous System
A nerve cell
Neuron
A scientist who studies how the brain and nerves work
Neuroscientist
The newborn reflexes
Suckling, Stepping, Moro/Startle reflex
Organelle that contains the chromosomes
Nucleus
The temperature at which enzymes work fastest
Optimum temperature
The specialised parts of a cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chromosplasts
Organelle
Parts of a plant or animal made up of different tissues that work together for a particular function.
Organ
A membrane that acts as a barrier to some molecules but allows others to diffuse through
Partially permeable membrane
A series of interconnected neurones that allow nerve impulses to travel along a particular route very quickly
Pathway
The network of nerves connected the CNS to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
A plant tissue that transports sugar through the plant
Phloem
The process in green plants that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into the sugar glucose
Photosynthesis
The bending of growing plant shoots towards the light
Phototropism
Chemicals in living things that are polymers made by joining together amino acids
Proteins
A brand name for an antidepressant drug that increases the concentration of seratonin on synapses.
Prozac
The reaction of the mucles in the pupil to light
Pupil reflex
A square grid of a known area that is used to survey plants in a location.
Quadrat
Blood cells that carry oxygen
Red Blood Cells
A neuron pathway that brings about a reflex response. It involves a sensory neron, relay neurones and motor neurones
Reflex Arc
A neuron that carries impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
Relay neuron
A series of chemical reactions that release energy for the cell to use
Respiration
Action or behaivour that is caused by a stimulus
Response
Organelles in cells that join together amino acids
Ribosome
Microscopic cell that increases the surface area for absorption of minerals and water by plant roots.
Root hair cell
A neuron that carries nerve impulses from a receptor to the brain or spinal cord
Sensory neuron
A chemical released at synapses in the brain resulting in feelings of pleasure
Seratonin
A automatic response made by an animal to a stimulus
Simple reflex
Plants produce this to store the energy food they make by photosynthesis.
Starch
Unspecialised animal cell
Stem cell
A change in the environment that causes a response
Stimulus
Tiny holes in the underside of a leaf that allow carbon dioxide in and oxygen out
Stomata
A tiny gap between neurons that transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another by diffusing chemical transmitters across the gap.
Synapse
Growing new tissues and organs from cloning embryonic stem cells. The new tissues and organs are used to treat people who are ill or injured
Therapeutic Cloning
Group of specialised cells of the same type working together to do the same job
Tissue
A straight line that runs through a location used to collect data on plant and animal distribution at regular intervals along the line.
Transect
Chemical used in synapses
Transmitter
A sequence of three bases coding for an amino acid
Triplet code
Cells that have not yet developed into one particular type of cell
Unspecialised
Plant tissue that transports water
Xylem
The cell made when a sperm cell fertilises an egg cell in sexual reproduction
Zygote
