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A Level > Biology A1 > Flashcards

Biology A1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are polymers?

A

are large large complex molecules composed of monmers joined together

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2
Q

examples of monomers?

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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3
Q

what are the types of glucose?
and how is it different?

A

alpha glucose OH at the bottom
beta glucose OH at the top

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4
Q

what is the chemical bond between two molecules?

A

a condensation and a water is released

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5
Q

how can polymers be broken down into monomers?

A

hydrolysis reactions to break the the chemical bonds using water

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6
Q

what is the test for SUGARS?

A

add benedicts to the sample
heat it in a water bath
if positive colour will change from blue to brick red

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7
Q

what is the test for NON REDUCING SUGAR

A

if the test was negatie studennt shuld test for non reducing sugar

add dilute Hydrochloric acid and heating in water bath

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8
Q

types of disaccharides

A

maltose
fructose
laxtose

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9
Q

what is a polysccharide?

A

this is where more than two monosaccharideare joined together

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10
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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11
Q

what is the formation of a triglycerides

A

they are a kind of lipid whch has
three phosphates
one glycerol

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12
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

they are formed via a condensation reaction
the bond between them are a ester bond

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13
Q

what are the bonds that form in lipids

A

the bonds formed between a lipd is a ester bond

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14
Q

what are the two types of fatty acids

A

satutated and unsaturated

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15
Q

what are the differences between both datty acids

A

unsaturated fatty acids have a double carbon bond

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16
Q

what is the structure for a phospholipid

A

one glycerol
two fatty acids
one phosphate group

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17
Q

what are the similarites and differences between phospholipid and a triglyceride

A

PHOSPHOLIPID
has a phophate
two fatty acids
one glycerol

TRIGLYCERIDE
three fatty acids
one glycerol

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18
Q

what are the structures for triglycerides

A

used as an energy storage for molecules
insoluable to water
they have hydrophobic tails

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19
Q

what is hydrophobic

A

water repelling

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20
Q

what is hydrophillic

A

water attracting

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21
Q

what are the features of phospholipid

A

they are hydrophobic and hydrophillic
also water souable subsatance cant pass through it

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22
Q

what are the features of lipids

A

provides protection
allows insulation
source of energy
waterproofing for plants and insects

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23
Q

what is the test for lipids

A

emultion test
add ethanol to sample
shake sample
pour into water
if positive test will go milky white

24
Q

what are proteins

A

proteins are made up of one or polypeptide

25
what is a dipeptide
when two amino acids join together
26
what is a polypeptide
more than two amino acids joined together
27
how are polypeptides formed
they are formed via a condensation reaction so a water molecule is released
28
what are the four structural features of proteins
primary secondary tertiary quarternary
29
exaplain the primary structure
a (flat) sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
30
what is the secondadry structure
hydrogen bonds between the chains this makes the chain fold and coil into a alpha helix or fold into a beta sheet
31
32
33
what are the functions of proteins
antibodies transport proteins structual proteins enzymes
34
what is the test for proteins
biuret test: test needs to be alkaline so add sodium hydroxide solution then add some copper sulfate if positive solution will turn purple if no proteins are present then it will stay blue
35
what are enzymes
enzymes are proteins that speed up the chemical reaction by acing as a catalyst
36
how does competitive enzymes work
inhibitor binds to the enzyme occupying the the active site so no space for substrate so leaving more subrate concentration increases the rate of reaction
37
how does non competitive enzymes work
inhibibitor binds furthest away from the active site this changes the shape of the enzyme so no more substrae can bind leaves high substrate ad chages the shape so less rate of reaction
38
what are the factors the effect the ezyme action
ph temp because more collisions so increase rate of reaction high substrate concentration high enzyme concentration inhibitors
39
what is the structure of nucleotide
phosphate pentose sugar bases
40
what is the structure of DNA
phosphate deoxyribose sugar bases ie A T C G
41
what is the bonds between bases and how many are there
bases have a hyrogen bond between them they are created via a condensation reaction there are two hydrogen bonds between A -T there are three hydrogen bonds between C -G
42
what is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA has a deoxyribose different bases A C T G longer chains requires two polynucleotide RNA has a ribosme sugar short chains contains A C G U
43
how does semi conservative replication occur
DNA is spit into two by dna helicase this breaks the hyrdogen bonds between the base the orignal strand acts like a template so free floating nucleotides float into the dna and bind via dna polymerase this is joinded together by condensation reactions dna polymerase occurs along antiparallel dna strands
44
what is the structure of atp
has a adenine , ribose and three phosphate
45
why is atp benefical
provides immediate energy by being able to break down easily and released quickly to rebuild by condensation reaction
46
what is atp used for
metabolic processes movement active transport secrection activation of molecules ie the start of glycolysis
47
what is the properties of water
metabolite used for many metabolic reactions high latent heat capacity high specfic heat capacity cohesion this means they are able to sick together tention
48
benefits and disadvantages of using a optical microscope
BENEFITS it is cheap to aquire DRAWBACKS low magnification low resolution
49
benefits and drawbacks for TEM micoscope
BENEFITS has good resolution good resolution DRAWBACKS only on 2D cells whole system needs a vacuum specimens have to be thin
50
benefits and drawbacks of SEM
SEM knock off an electron BENEFITS good magnification can see specimens in 3D can be used on thick specimens DRAWBACKS lower resolution compared to TEM needs a vscuum to see specimen
51
what is the fomula for magnification
magnification= size of image actual size of image
52
how do you carry out cell fractionation
break down cells to give the organlles by vibrating is grinding the cell filter the larger solutes pour fragments into a tube and centrifuge it starting from low speed and slowly increasing it
53
name the double membrane cells
nucleus 10-20 um mitochondria 1-10 um chloroplasts 2-10
54
what is the structure of a Eukarotic cell plant and animal
nucleous ribsomosme smooth endoplastic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria cytoplasm golgi apparatus plasma for plants they have extra chloroplasts vacuole cell wall
55
name the specialised cells and oragans
tissues then organs then organ system epithilial cells they have a large surface area by having a micro villi this is beacause it increases absorption also have alot of mitochondria to provide energy for transport
56
what is the structure of prokaryotic cell
cytoplasm capsule circular dna plasmids flagellum cell wall plasma membrane
57
how do prokaryotic cells replicate

A Level (4 decks)

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