Biology Flashcards
Thermodynamics vs Kinetics
Thermo- spontaneity (Delta G)
Kinetics- rate of rxn (Activation energy, transition state)
Role of catalyst
Stabalize transition state
Increase Rxn rate
Decrease activation energy
Enzyme: active site vs allosteric site
Active site - substrate binds
Allosteric - different site, can be used for regulation
Competitive inhibition vs non-competitive inhibition
Competitive:
- Compete with s at active site
- V max is same, Km goes uo
Non Competitive:
- Bind to allosteric site
- Lower Vmax (lower binding affinity), Km stays the same
Oxidation vs Reduction
Oxidation:
- Loss of electrons
- Loss of Hydrogen
- Gain Oxygen
Reduction:
-Gain e, gain H, lose O
Glycolysis (location/need O?)
Cytosol, no
PDC/Krebs (location/need O?)
Mit. Matrix, yes indirectly
ETC (location/need O?)
Inner mitochondrial membrane, yes directly
Glycolysis Basics
6-C (glucose) to 2 3-C (pyruvate)
Net 2 ATP
2 NAD+ -> 2NADH
2 Enzymes: hexokinase (1st step) and phosphorfructokinase 1 (irreversible)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (basics)
3 C (pyruvate) to 2 C (acetyl Co-A)
Use: Coenzyme-A
Produce: CO2 and NADH
Krebs/TCA/CAC
4-C + 2-C → citrate → 5-C (+CO2) → Oxaloacetate (+CO2 and NADH) → 4-C (+GTP, FADH2, NADH)
E totals (per glucose) from glycolysis, PDC, krebs, and overall
Glycolsys (2 ATP and 2 NADH)
PDC (2 NADH)
Krebs (6 NADH, 2 GTP, 2 FADH2)
Net: 30 ATP - euks
32 ATP - proks
Protein synthesis occurs in which direction and with which kind of bond?
N to C
Peptide
3 Monosaccharides
Fructose, glucose, galactose
3 Dissaccharides
Lactose (Glc + Gal)
Sucrose (Glc + F)
Maltose (Glc + G)
3 main polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
3 Main types of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol
amphipathic vs amphoteric
pathic - polar and non polar
oteric - acidic and basic
DNA: AT vs GC (high melt temp vs low)
AT- 2 h-bonds
GC- 3 h-bonds
methylation
DNA gyrase
Form of DNA protection in prokaryotes only!
Supercoils DNA in proks only!
Eurkaryotic DNA structure (histones, nucleosomes, chromatin)
Histones + DNA → nuclesomes “beads”
Condensed nucleosomes → chromatin
Stop and start codons
Start: AUG
Stop: UAA, UGA, UAG
Point mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, silent mutation, frameshift mutation
Point Mutation: single BP change
- missense - different AA
- nonsense - early stop codon
- silent - diff codon but same AA
Frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion of BP
4 Rules of DNA replication
- Semiconservative
- 5’ → 3’
- Need primer
- Need template
5.
