Biology Flashcards
Neuron Stimulation and ion (Na/K)
increases resting membrane potential positively from -70mV to the action potential.
Normal state K+ goes in and NA+ stays out. Reverse during membrate polarity change (Na+ goes in and K+ goes out)
Parts of Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic: accelerates things
parasympathetic: slows things down
Cerebrum
processing of sensory information and memory
cerebellum
receives info from muscles and sensory receptors. controls balance and coordinated movement
brain stem
controls autonomic functions (breathing, HR)
Cornea
front surface of eye
lens
in the anterior chamber. amount of light passing through is controlled by the iris
retina
light is detected by rods and cones here
Outer ear
functions in collecting sound
tympanic membrane
separates middle and outer ear
Eustachian tube
connects middle ear to pharynx
equalizes pressure
Liver and spell (circulatory system)
where old/RBC’s are removed from circulation
capillaries
thinnest and most number blood vessels
arteries
thickest and largest blood vessels. have muscular wall
Pulmonary circulation overview
- O2 poor blood goes from right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
- O2 rich blood returns from the lungs to the heart via pulmonary vein
- Enters the left atrium then goes to left ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
semilunar; between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Right AV Valve
Between right atrium/ventricle. Tricuspid
Left AV Valve
Between left atrium/ventricle. Bicuspid
Aortic Valve
semilunar; between left ventricle and aorta
Upper Respiratory Tract
consists of nasal cavity, sinuses, middle ear, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx
lower respiratory tract
Trachea, bronchi+bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
alveoli
air sacs at the end of bronchioles, gas exchange takes place here via diffusion
diaphragm
boundary between thoracic and abdominal cavity. uses negative pressure breathing
steroid hormones
estrogen, testosterone, corisol, aldosterone produced by testes ovaries and adrenal glads
non-steroidal hormones
peptide hormones (all othres) tropic hormones effect endocrine glands
endocrine cells and glads
produce hormones which travel thorugh the blood stream to target organs. effected by tropic hormones
Hypothalamus
endocrine gland; releases various hormones that affect the pituitary gland
Pituitary glad
produces growth hormone and ACTH
Anterior Pitiutary Hormones
FSH and LH: control ovulation and menstrual cycle in women and sperm production in men
TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
oxytocin: childbirth
vassopressin (ADH): raises blood pressure and makes kidneys conserve water
pineal glad
melatonin: influences biological clock
Thyroid Glad
releases thyroxin which influences metabolism
parathyroid glad
Parathyroid hormone: increases blood Calcium
Adrenal Glad
Cortisol: raises blood pressure, decrease immune fxn
aldosterone: regulates Na/K balance in blood
epinephrine+norepinephrine: fight or flight response
acetylcholine
ovary gland
estrogen: regulates menstrual cycle and reproduction system
testes
testosterone: promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system
Gastrin
horomone in the blood. increases pepsinogen production
pepsin+pepsinogen
the presence of HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Liver
important for metabolism
involved in the production and breakdown of proteins
produces and breaks down glycogen
Gallbladder
produces and releases bile into the duodenum. breaks down fats via emulsion
pancreas
produces insulin
Glomeruli
are of kidney where filtration occurs
uses active transport to elimnate unwanted materials (urea) and to reabsorb wanted ones (glucose Na+ and water)
Antidiuretic Hormone
Decreases urine production. Allows body to absorb more water
Bacteria
singled celled; eubac and archae.
prokarytotic decomposers.
live at various temp ranges
Bacterial Cell wall
made of peptidoglycan
gram+: thick cell wall many layers of peptidoglycan
gram-: small amount of peptidoglycan and outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide
endospore
some make a tough survival structure bacillus and clostridium
bacterian staining
gram+ cells hold onto crystal violet primary stain. gram negative cells are counterstained pink (safarin)
enteric/coliform bacteria
gram- rods
e.coli salmonella shigella
infect GI tract
Mycobacterium
outerlayer of way/lipid and causes TB and leprosy
gram positive rod
clostridium
cause tetanus, botulism and gas gangrene
spirochetes
borellia: lyme disease
treponema: syphillis
Protozoan Cyst
tough survival stage
often the stage that transmits disease
trophozoite
state they are in when not in cyst stage
Intestinal protozoan disease
amebiasis, giardia, cryptosporidium
Trypanisoma
protozoan
sleeping sickness; transmitted by tse tse fly
toxoplasma gondii
protozoan
involves cats; fetus can be infected if pregnant woman infected
Fungi cell number
single and multicellular
Fungal Reproduction
utilize asexual or sexual spores located on the fruiting body
Molds
multicellular fungi
hyphae strands of cells all joined to one mass.
some have chitin
penicillium and mushrooms
Yeasts
single celled fungi
undergoes fermentation
production of bread wine beer
lichens
symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae
algae provides the food via photosynthesis
mold attaches to surface and absorbs nutritients
Parasitic Worms (helminths)
flatworms: flukes/tapeworms
roundworms: hookworm/pinworm
some can form cysts in hosts
Trichinella
acquired from eating undercooked pork
forms cysts in muscles
schistosoma
roundworm/hookworm
enter the body by drilling through the skin
tapeworms
acquired by eating undercooked beef/ poor or fish
Viral structure
simple
consists of capsid (protein coat), genome (DNA or RNA), some have envelope (outer membrane) like herpes.
why arent viruses cell’s?
no cell wall, membrane, nucleus, organelles, and neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Obligate intracellular parasites
viruses cannot make metabolic energy, proteins, or carry out most cellular functions
all viruses must live inside a host cell
What is Viral Reproduction
synthesis and assembly of subunits
many parts of virus made inside cell; put togehter to make viruses.
Stages of Viral Reproduction
attachment: host and tissue specific
penetration: virus enters the host cell via endocytosis/ evelope fusion
uncoating: the genome is released from inside the capsid
synthesis: the host cell makes viral proteins and NA
maturation/assembly: subunits put together
release: virus exits host cell
Latency
some viruses do not complete replicating but exist as DNA inserted into the host’s DNA
ex: herpes HIV chickenpox
atypical viruses
viroids: only pieces of RNA no protein
prions: only protein no DNA/RNA; BSE madcowsdisease
vectors (disease transmission)
living things that spread diseases such as ticks and mosquitos
zoonoses + nosocomial
pathogens from animals/ environment
patheogens from hospitals
exotoxins
secreted by certain bacteria (tetanus)
endotoxins
part of the cell wall of gram- bacteria
penicillins, cephalosporins, and bacitracin
inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and damage cell wall
effective against gram+
tetracycline and erythromycin
broad spectrum
interfere with protein synthesis
sulfa drugs
block DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking enzyme substrates
acyclovir and AZT
antiviral drugs that remeble nucleotides and block DNA synthesis
for herpes and HIV respectively`
neutrophils
phagocytic
protect against bacteria
eosinophils
have toxic granules
protect against parasites
lymphocytes
T+B cells involved in specific immunity
NK cells nonspecific immunity
monocytles
phagocytosis and kill infected cells
live in bloodstream and become macrophages or dendritic cells
plasma
fluid portion of blood containing antibodies and complement (triggers inflamation
lymph nodes
protect a particular area of tissue
spleen
similar to a lymph node; protects blood stream
removes old RBC
barriers
nonspecific immunity; 1st line of defense
includes skin, mucus, and stomach acids
mechanisms
nonspecific immunity; 2nd line of defense
phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and interferon
inflammation
increases blood vessel diameter and permeabilty increases the blood flow in infected area and deposits fluid
triggers migration of phagoctes to destry invading bacteria
specific defense
3rd line of defense
involves recognition and memory
stronger when immune system is re exposed to material
antigens
substances (proteins) specific response recognizes and reacts to
T-cells
carry out cell mediated response
produce signalling molecules called cytokines
protect abgainst viral, fungal, and parasitic
helper t cells
activate other T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells
supressor T cells
shut down other cells
Cytotoxic T cells
kill virus infected or cancer cells
binds to them and exposes them to toxins and perforins
NK cells
kills virus/ cancel cells
nonspecifically
B cells
produce antibodies
bind specifically to antigens
each antigen has a specific antibody that binds to it.
protects against bacterial and viral
IgA
respiratory and digestive system
mucous membranes
IgG
protects against toxins;
crosses placenta (maternal antibody
IgD
suface of B cells
IgE
mast and basophils
protect against parasitic infections
also allergies
IgM
largest
bloodstream
rheumatoid arthritis lupus erthematosus, graves disease
autoimmunity
hay fever, asthma, hives, food allergies, rh disease, contact dermatitis
herpersensitivity
response to harmless stimuli causes death or damage to parts of body
