Biology

Question 1

Changes in environmental concentration of carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions affect this molecule’s binding curve. A substitution of glutamine for valine in this protein can cause it to (*) aggregate into long strands.

Answer 1

Hemoglobin

Question 2

The presence of a glycated form of this molecule denoted “A1c” can be used to diagnose diabetes. his molecule’s four subunits can each assume a tense T or relaxed R conformation.

Answer 2

Hemoglobin

Question 3

In fish, the Root effect occurs in this protein, embryonic types of which are named Portland and Gower.

Answer 3

Hemoglobin

Question 4

A breakdown product of this protein is conjugated to glucuronate for excretion in bile and is called bilirubin. Thalassemia is caused by the abnormal production of this protein, which consists of two alpha and two beta subunits.

Answer 4

Hemoglobin

Question 5

Cells that contain this molecule include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, alveolar cells, and mesangial cells in the kidney.

Answer 5

Hemoglobin

Question 6

This protein is found in all vertebrates, except for the fish family Channichthyidae.

Answer 6

Hemoglobin

Question 7

The amount of this protein is quantified using Drabkin’s reagent. An abnormality in the production of this molecule is known as (*) thalassemia.

Answer 7

Hemoglobin

Question 8

One allosteric ligand to this molecule is nitric oxide, which binds onto thiol groups to form S-nitrosothiol. Abnormal production of this molecule, which is affecting by an autosomal recessive mutation called Lepore syndrome, characterizes a group of inherited disorders called thalassemias.

Answer 8

Hemoglobin

Question 9

This protein’s transport of hydrogen increases its activity in a “shift” named for a Danish physiologist. This protein changes conformation in a classic example of allosteric modulation via cooperative binding.

Answer 9

Hemoglobin

Question 10

Two forms of this protein absorb light equally at an isosbestic [iso-S’BEST-ic] point of around 800 nanometers.

Answer 10

Hemoglobin

Question 11

The change between those two forms of this protein is detected by a T2-weighted signal in BOLD [bold] contrast, which is utilized by fMRI [F-M-R-I]. Histidine residues are pulled a fraction of an angstrom towards the plane of structures made of four pyrroles when this protein binds its substrate.

Answer 11

Hemoglobin

Question 12

The central atom of a molecule in this protein is usually coordinated to a histidine residue and not in plane, but the central atom moves in plane when its sixth coordination site is occupied.

Answer 12

Hemoglobin

Question 13

The Hill equation was originally developed by studying cooperative binding of this protein, which causes it to transition from the tense

Answer 13

Hemoglobin

Question 14

The SNO residue on the beta-93 cysteine of this protein helps transfer nitric oxide to the cell membrane.

Answer 14

Hemoglobin

Question 15

One conformation of this protein is stabilized by an ion pair between His-146 and Asp-94 as well as ion pairs formed by carbamates formed from this protein’s N-terminal residues.

Answer 15

Hemoglobin

Question 16

A version of this protein containing tightly-packed gamma subunits is known as its “fetal” type.

Answer 16

Hemoglobin

Question 17

Richard Marlar found this protein at the pre-historic Cowboy Wash site in fossilized fecal matter. This protein, which has a Hill coefficient of one, contains a single polypeptide chain of 153 amino acid residues.

Answer 17

myoglobin

Question 18

This protein was isolated from sperm whales by John Kendrew, who made it the first protein to have its three-dimensional structure obtained using X-ray diffraction.

Answer 18

myoglobin

Question 19

. The Gower form of this molecule is found in embryos and improper synthesis of it can lead to beta thalassemia.

Answer 19

Hemoglobin

Question 20

The Haldane effect describes this protein’s interaction with carbon dioxide and its behavior in acidic environments is described by the (*) Bohr effect.

Answer 20

Hemoglobin

Question 21

The color of Riftia plumes comes from several complex variants of this protein.Compared to the Aymara, Tibetans show a less severe reaction norm of this protein to altitude.

Answer 21

Hemoglobin

Question 22

The difference in magnetic susceptibility between two forms of this protein is responsible for the BOLD signalling used in fMRI imaging. The Portland and Gower forms of this protein are found in embryos

Answer 22

Hemoglobin

Question 23

2,3-PBG allosterically causes this protein to release its substrate, and a decrease in pH reduces the binding affinity of this protein with its main substrate according to the Bohr effect.

Answer 23

Hemoglobin

Question 24

One variant of this molecule is called D-Punjab and is notably prevalent among Uyghurs (WEE-gurs). Another variant of this molecule has fusion chains due to meiotic (my-AH-tick) crossover with the delta region.

Answer 24

Hemoglobin

Question 25

An allosteric regulator of this molecule is created by a mutase which catalyzes a shunt from the payoff phase of glycolysis. When this molecule is bound to a ligand, it shifts between its R and T conformation by moving the plane of its central (*)) ion to encourage association.

Answer 25

Hemoglobin

Question 26

2,3-bis-phospho-glycerate allosterically regulates this molecule.

Answer 26

Hemoglobin

Question 27

In mass spectrometry, this protein, obtained from horse hearts, is a common calibration standard. In humans but not other animals, this protein has a cysteine at residue 110 that is nitrosylated by nitric oxide, making this protein a “scavenger” of nitric oxide.

Answer 27

myoglobin

Question 28

Brown urine is found in patients with rhabdomyolysis because this protein is being broken down.

Answer 28

myoglobin

Question 29

It has a Hill coefficient of 1, a p50 of 2.8 torr, and a hyperbolic-shaped dissociation curve which is independent of pH. The ability of this protein to bind substrate tightly even at low partial pressure enhances the deep-sea diving ability of marine mammals.

Answer 29

myoglobin

Question 30

Its Lepore form is associated with strokes and its Barts form contains only gamma subunits. Similar to a related monomeric protein found in muscle,

Answer 30

Hemoglobin

Question 31

Its carbamino form is formed by CO2 binding to its N-terminus.

Answer 31

Hemoglobin

Question 32

This protein’s structure can be made more rigid with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Fetal versions of this protein contain a serine-143 instead of a histidine-143 that increases this protein’s efficiency.

Answer 32

Hemoglobin

Question 33

Breaking the valine-tyrosine bond in this protein’s Helix E and Helix F regions causes a conformation change.

Answer 33

Hemoglobin

Question 34

This protein has an abnormally high pKa value when an ion pair is generated between a histidine and an aspartic acid residue, which occurs when the proton concentration around this protein is high.

Answer 34

Hemoglobin

Question 35

The central structure of this protein is stabilized by a histidine residue in its F alpha helix chain, and BPG interacts with this protein to stabilize its T state.

Answer 35

Hemoglobin

Question 36

This protein is improperly oxidized inchildren who ingest nitrates.

Answer 36

Hemoglobin

Question 37

Plasmepsins are protein produced by Plasmodium that degrade this molecule.

Answer 37

Hemoglobin

Question 38

Because specific variants of this protein are often named after the geographic location in which they are discovered, its variants include Yakima and Kansas, each of which lacks a hydrogen bond that stabilizes one of its two stable quaternary states.

Answer 38

Hemoglobin

Question 39

One model that explains the allosteric change in this protein is the Monod, Wyman, and Changeux model. The Koshland, Nemethy, and Filmer model states that one subunit’s change in the structure of this protein promotes conformotional state changes in adjacent subunits.

Answer 39

Hemoglobin

Question 40

Unlike in adults, in fetuses this molecule does not bind to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, or DPG, due to its lack of beta subunits

Answer 40

Hemoglobin

Question 41

During larval development, a class in this phylum undergoes torsion, sometimes causing fouling.

Answer 41

Mollusca

Question 42

One member of this phylum exhibits the gill-and-siphon reflex; that organism, which was studied by Eric Kandel, is Aplysia californica.

Answer 42

Mollusca

Question 43

Members of one class in this phylum possess a rostrum, or two part beak; that class includes a venomous species named for its blue rings and is considered the most (*) intelligent class of invertebrates.

Answer 43

Mollusca

Question 44

This phylum includes the proposed serialia clade [seh-ree-A-lee-uh klade], which in turn includes monoplacophora, which were once thought to be extinct.

Answer 44

Mollusca

Question 45

Though it does not exist in protobranchia and heterodonta, most of the animals in this phylum use a radula to take in food. These animals have a mantle that secretes conchiolin

Answer 45

Mollusca

Question 46

Though not platyhelminthes, members of this phylum serve as intermediates in transmitting schistosomiasis from trematodes to humans.

Answer 46

Mollusca

Question 47

The trochophore is a ciliated larval stage in the life cycle of many marine organisms in this phylum. One class of this phylum possesses excretory organs known as nephridia

Answer 47

Mollusca

Question 48

that same class undergoes a process known as torsion, during which the internal organs rotate and the anus becomes positioned above the head.

Answer 48

Mollusca

Question 49

This phylum includes (*) chitons which possess a shell divided into eight dorsal plates.

Answer 49

Mollusca

Question 50

This phylum includes the rare Monoplacophora, the only trace of which was in fossils until their rediscovery in 1952. Members of one class in this phylum possess a lid-like structure called an operculum.

Answer 50

Mollusca

Question 51

. Members of this phylum have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle, and some use a radula to scrape up food.

Answer 51

Mollusca

Question 52

Its members contain a non-muscular region known as the visceral mass, which contains all their body organs, and they use odontophores to support their rows of teeth, known as radulae.

Answer 52

Mollusca

Question 53

Members of this phylum possess an anterior buccal cavity containing an odontophore, which supports the main feeding structure, the radula.

Answer 53

Mollusca

Question 54

Organisms in this phylum have chemosensors known as osphradia, and the scaphopods in this phylum contain light-sensing organs known as aesthetes.

Answer 54

Mollusca

Question 55

This phylum’s second-largest class is sometimes called Pelecypoda because organisms in that class apparently look like hatchets.

Answer 55

Mollusca

Question 56

A unique class within this phylum has a closed circulatory system and contains the lowest organisms thought to have a “true” brain.

Answer 56

Mollusca

Question 57

The characteristic feature of this phylum of animals is composed of a matrix of conchiolin (conk-EYE-o-lin) which binds to aragonite.

Answer 57

Mollusca

Question 58

The ctenidia (ten-ID-ee-uh) are a breathing apparatus in this phylum which includes periwinkles and conniwinks

Answer 58

Mollusca

Question 59

Members of this animal phylum produce larvae called veliger.

Answer 59

Mollusca

Question 60

Some members of this class remain stationary with the help of byssal threads.

Answer 60

bivalves/ pelecypoda

Question 61

The species Crassostrea gigas in this class introduced the parasite MSX to a closely related species. When this class of animals first evolved, they outcompeted and almost entirely replaced a phylum of similar-looking animals called brachiopods.

Answer 61

bivalves/pelecypoda

Question 62

Hypotheses regarding the phylogeny of this phylum include the Testaria hypothesis and the Aculifera hypothesis, and the classification of Wiwaxia and Kimberella as part of this phylum is controversial. One class belonging to this phylum is the extinct Helcionelloida, and extant classes include Aplacophora and Scaphopoda. Some members of this phylum use (*)) love darts during courtship.

Answer 62

Mollusca

Question 63

Mercenaria mercenaria is a member of this phylum that contains a pallial line, a ctenidium composed of demibranchs, byssal glands, a ventricle wrapped around the rectum, a protuberance known as the umbo, and a chitinous toothed structure called the radula.

Answer 63

Mollusca

Question 64

Studying this phylum outside of Paris inspired Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of evolution of acquired traits.

Answer 64

Mollusca

Question 65

Primitive members of this phylum contain pairs of gills called ctenidia, and the organs of smell in this phylum are known as osphradia.

Answer 65

Mollusca

Question 66

Like some arthropods, most members of this phylum bind oxygen to copper in a plus two oxidation state within the metalloprotein hemocyanin, which is suspended in hemolymph.

Answer 66

Mollusca

Question 67

In a paper subtitled “The Endless Dispute,” Jacob Rempel summarized the difficulty of determining the evolutionary origin of the head of animals in this phylum due to the nebulous nature of the pre-oral region and the labrum.

Answer 67

Arthropoda

Question 68

Several thin R cells form a transparent structure called a rhabdom in members of this phylum.

Answer 68

Arthropoda

Question 69

Rift Valley fever and West Nile are caused by arboviruses, meaning that they are transmitted by members of this phylum

Answer 69

Arthropoda

Question 70

The blood of one member of this phylum contains LAL, which is used to test if injectable therapeutics are safe for human use.

Answer 70

Arthropoda

Question 71

Many species in this phylum have compound eyes that can be made of thousands of ommatidia

Answer 71

Arthropoda

Question 72

The largest ever members of this phylum are called eurypterids and lived in the Paleozoic era. Sections of their bodies are called tagmata.

Answer 72

Arthropoda

Question 73

One of these organisms, Tesnusocaris goldichi, possessed uniramous instead of biramous appendages.

Answer 73

Arthropoda

Question 74

One structure that characterizes this phylum undergoes apolysis and ecdysis and is composed of proteins like resilin or sclerotin interwoven with fibrous alpha-chitin. That structure, often mineralized with calcium carbonate, is a cuticle.

Answer 74

Arthropoda

Question 75

Some members of this phylum breathe using their plated book lungs while other organs arehoused in the hemocoel.

Answer 75

Arthropoda

Question 76

One modern group in this phylum possessing single-branched appendages is called Uniramia.

Answer 76

Arthropoda

Question 77

ifferent body plan arrangements in members of this phylum are called tagmata

Answer 77

Arthropoda

Question 78

along with mollusks, this grouping is defined by the existence of a cavity for blood circulation known as the hemocoel

Answer 78

Arthropoda

Question 79

Cyanobacteria cause the rust-colored bands in Aplysina red band syndrome, a contagious disease that affects members of this phylum.

Answer 79

Porifera

Question 80

Some types of these organisms produce compounds with antibacterial properties called sceptrin and ageliferin.

Answer 80

Porifera

Question 81

Body systems of this phylum include asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. One variety of this organism belonging to the class (*) Hexactinellida has silicon spicules and is known as the “glass” type.

Answer 81

Porifera

Question 82

Entotheonella are a species of bacteria that remove arsenic from this phylum. Cladorhizidae (“cla-duh-REE-za-day”) is a carnivorous family of this phylum.

Answer 82

Porifera

Question 83

Some members of this phylum use gemmules and stolons to reproduce.

Answer 83

Porifera

Question 84

Pinacocytes line the outer layer of organisms in this phylum while choanocytes (“co-WA-nuh-sites”) line the interior.

Answer 84

Porifera

Question 85

Animals that evolved from these organisms are known as eumetazoa. These organisms, which can be syconoid or leuconoid, possess bell-shaped “collar bodies” that contain a ring of microvilli and a central flagellum.

Answer 85

Porifera

Question 86

These organisms utilize choanocytes to filter nutrients, and excrete waste via an osculum.

Answer 86

Porifera

Question 87

They have pronged structural elements that can either be composed of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide, called spiracles

Answer 87

Porifera

Question 88

These organisms possess amoeba-like cells called archaeocytes that assist with nutrient delivery and skeletal formation.

Answer 88

Porifera

Question 89

Like members of Placozoa, all members of this taxonomic group are placed in the subkingdom Parazoa. The outer epidermis of these animals is called the pinacoderm, and the feeding mechanism of these animals involves creating a current in the (*) osculum

Answer 89

Porifera

Question 90

Glass” species of this phylum’s class Hexactinellida have silica structural elements.

Answer 90

Porifera

Question 91

Those feeding cells, called choanocytes, line these organisms’ inner chambers, whose outlets are called osculua

Answer 91

Porifera

Question 92

Members of this phylum can reproduce by releasing masses of amoeboid cells called gemmules. Some members of this phylum create circulating water currents using cells with flagella that trap and filter food with microvilli.

Answer 92

Porifera

Question 93

One group in this phylum probably descended from heteractinids, which went extinct during the Paleozoic Era. This phylum’s immune response includes the accumulation of grey cells.

Answer 93

Porifera

Question 94

These organisms have sclerocytes that generate their spicules

Answer 94

Porifera

Question 95

Made of a gelatinous substance called mesohyl, these organisms are the only animals to display no symmetry,

Answer 95

Porifera

Question 96

Collagen in these animals is produced by cells called Lophocytes, which are amoeba-shaped and move freely though these creatures’s bodies.

Answer 96

Porifera

Question 97

One member of this phylum found primarily in tropical environments is known as a homoscleromorph and they can reproduce using an internal bud known as a gemmule.

Answer 97

Porifera

Question 98

Apopyles are pores which allow water to enter the atrium from the choanocyte chamber in the syconoid arrangement for them, and they are also found in asconoid and leuconoid types.

Answer 98

Porifera

Question 99

One member of this phylum, Theromyzon, tends to infest waterfowl. The terminal posterior body part of organisms in this phylum are called pygidium.

Answer 99

Annelida

Question 100

Bivalent direct thrombin inhibitors like lepirudin were derived from a protein found in a member of this phylum.

Answer 100

Annelida

Question 101

This phylum has both horizontal and longitudinal muscles. Some organisms in this phylum secrete (*) hirudin, an anticoagulant.

Answer 101

annelida

Question 102

Subclasses in this phylum include polychaetes (“poly-keets”) and oligochaetes (“oligo-keets”). Like arthropods and molluscs, members of this phylum that have blood vessels use metanephridia for excretion.

Answer 102

Annelida

Question 103

Embryos of one class in this phylum contain teloblast cells that divide asymmetrically to form blast cells.

Answer 103

Annelida

Question 104

InNorth American forests, post-glacial invasion of a class in this phylum speeds up forest nutrient cycling

Answer 104

Annelida

Question 105

Riftia is a genus in this phylum found onhydrothermal vents. One class in this metameric phylum has hairy chetae on limb-like parapodia

Answer 105

Annelida

Question 106

he anterior portion of organisms in this phylum is known as the prostomium. Except for organisms in class Hirudinea (here-oo-din-EY-uh), organisms in this phylum possess chitinous (KITE-uh-nus) bristles known as setae.

Answer 106

Annelida

Question 107

Most organisms in this phylum are hermaphroditic and reproduce by cross-fertilization. Their most notable feature is known as metamerism (meh-TAH-mer-izm), and describes a pattern of repeated segmentation

Answer 107

Annelida

Question 108

Members of this phylum can cause whirling disease and proliferating kidney disease in commercial fish. One organism in this phylum contains a filamentous stomach called gastric cirri.

Answer 108

Cnidaria

Question 109

18S RNA and Hox gene studies were used to sort Myxozoans into this phylum

Answer 109

Cnidaria

Question 110

Many members of this phylum contain a structure divided into glutinant, volvent, or penetrant types, with a coiled hollow tubule encased in a bulb-shaped capsule. Some members of this phylum can cause sweating, vomiting, generalized pain, a sense of impending doom, and cardiac arrest within 30 minutes of contact, a condition called (*) Irukandji syndrome

Answer 110

Cnidaria

Question 111

Some members of this phylum go through larval stages called planulae. An organism in this phylum can induce a life-threatening condition called Irukandji [“ee-roo-CON-jee”] syndrome

Answer 111

Cnidaria

Question 112

The presence of a box-shaped or cup-shaped body layout differentiates this phylum’s classes Cubozoa and Scyphozoa

Answer 112

Cnidaria

Question 113

Some members of this phylum contain specialized structures that coordinate movement, sense light and gravity, and are called rhopalia

Answer 113

Cnidaria

Question 114

A September 2017 paper in Cell showed that members of this phylum are the first-known organisms that are capable of sleeping despite being brainless

Answer 114

Cnidaria

Question 115

and organisms of the Haliclystus genus in this phylum are “stalked.” A class in this phylum contains only one organism, the parasitic Polypodium hydriforme

Answer 115

Cnidaria

Question 116

Carukia barnesi and Malo kingi are members of this phylum that cause (*) Irukandji syndrome

Answer 116

Cnidaria

Question 117

they often use statocysts to sense balance. Chironex fleckeri is one of the most dangerous members of this diploblastic phylum, whose organisms can have spirocysts, ptychocysts, or (*) nematocysts.

Answer 117

Cnidaria

Question 118

An extinct order in this phylum has a horn-shaped chamber with a wrinkled wall and was called rugosa. One of the largest invertebrates in the world, praya dubia, is within this phylum, which contains such complex colony organisms as siphonophores

Answer 118

Cnidaria

Question 119

These organisms are divided into brooders and broadcasters, based on how they spawn planulae.

Answer 119

corals

Question 120

Some of these organisms that produce gorgonin are being researched for use as bone implants, in part due to their trabecular structure

Answer 120

corals

Question 121

In recent years, frequent Acanthaster outbreaks have caused sharp declines in their populations. These organisms form symbiotic associations with zooxanthellae. When they are stressed, they eject those (*)) algae, leading to bleaching

Answer 121

corals

Question 122

Growth rings in the aragonite skeletons of Scleractinia, one order of these animals, provided the first examples of the biological effects of ocean acidification.

Answer 122

corals

Question 123

The anatomy of one form of these organisms includes the velum, which is absent in this phylum’s class scyphozoa.

Answer 123

Cnidaria

Question 124

The action of nectophores propel some members of this phylum

Answer 124

Cnidaria

Question 125

Some members of this phylum have ptychocysts, which help create tubes, and several others possess a tube called the actinopharynx, leading into the body cavity

Answer 125

Cnidaria

Question 126

and some use velaria for locomotion. This phylum utilizes a body plan consisting of a gastrodermis surrounded by mesoglea, and it is divided into classes Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Hydrozoa, which contains one of the only freshwater animals in this phylum, the hydra.

Answer 126

Cnidaria

Question 127

Notable genera of this phylum include Obelia and Chironex. This phylum and Ctenophora [ti-NOF-er-uh] are the only components of the clade Radiata [rey-dee-EY-tuh]

Answer 127

Cnidaria

Question 128

Some members of this phylum, like ctenophores, possess an actinopharynx, and they include organisms connected by stolons, stolonifera

Answer 128

Cnidaria

Question 129

This phylum may contain the extinct conulata, which may also belongs to its own phylum. This phylum is now thought to include Myxoza and Polypodiozoa, a parasite found in sturgeons’ eggs.

Answer 129

Cnidaria

Question 130

One order in this phylum, Pennatulacea, bioluminesces upon contact, and its members employ a balancing organ called a statocyst

Answer 130

Cnidaria

Question 131

The parasitic Myxozoams may belong to Protozoa or to this phylum, whose organisms secrete a (*)) basement membrane that is separated from the epithelium by mesoglea.

Answer 131

Cnidaria

Question 132

One member of this phylum, Chironex fleckeri, is the most dangerous venomous species

Answer 132

Cnidaria

Question 133

one characteristic feature of this phylum is divided into three classes, including ptychocysts, which build protective tubes for a type of anemone

Answer 133

Cnidaria

Question 134

One member of this phylum is model organism N. vectensis, used to study the bilaterally symmetric body plan. Recent inquiry into the musculature of this phylum has led Seipel and Schmid to classify them as triploblastic,

Answer 134

Cnidaria

Question 135

One group of species in this phylum became hermatypic during the Middle Triassic, and palytoxin was first isolated from a species in this phylum. The order Rhyzostomea includes organisms with mouths found along their arms, such as the Cassiopeia

Answer 135

Cnidaria

Question 136

These animals first appeared in the fossil record as jawless agnathans.

Answer 136

Fish

Question 137

The Devonian period is known as the “age of” these animals and saw the rise of armored placoderms like Dunkleosteus [“DUN-cull-AH-stee-us”]. The transitional genus Tiktaalik [“tick-TAH-lick”] belonged to the sarcopterygian [“sar-KAHP-tuh-RIJ-ee-an”] clade of these animals.

Answer 137

Fish

Question 138

Ernst Haeckel first applied the idea that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” to members of this phylum

Answer 138

Chordata

Question 139

The Spemann organizer was discovered in an animal from this phylum. As embryos, members of this phylum form blobs of mesoderm called somites.

Answer 139

Chordata

Question 140

In this phylum, cleavage is indeterminate but forms a body that is never radially symmetric. A morphogenetic gradient of (*) sonic hedgehog patterns the AP axis in this phylum

Answer 140

Chordata

Question 141

. One branch of this phylum is split into agantha, which are organisms lacking a jaw. Hagfishes are an example of this phylum’s gnathosoma subphylum. In this phylum,

Answer 141

Chordata

Question 142

One of these animals named after Alfred Leeds was one of the largest teleosts and may have been preyed upon by Liopleurodon. A primitive one of these animals that lived in the Carboniferous period was Stethacanthus, and that period saw the extinction of armored ones called placoderms, such as Dunkleosteus.

Answer 142

Fish

Question 143

Some of these animals possess electroreceptors called Ampullae of Lorenzini or a (*) lateral line to sense movement.

Answer 143

Chordata

Question 144

Certain members of this phylum mate with males of a related species and discard their sperm after fertilization in a process known as hybridogenesis, while some unisexual members of the same class cryptically steal heterospecific sperm through kleptogenesis.

Answer 144

Chordata

Question 145

Basal members of one clade in this phylum eat their way out of deep-sea carcasses and have caudal hearts. Though initially placed in this phylum, acorn worms were later reclassified into a related (*)) “hemi” phylum

Answer 145

Chordata

Question 146

s. All members of this phylum have an iodine storage organ called an endostyle, along with pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail.

Answer 146

Chordata

Question 147

This phylum contains the marine animals salps and pyrosalmas, both of which are like doliods in that they are sea squirts and tunicates. Another member of this phylum is amphioxi, called lancelets. It includes caecilians, agnatha, tetrapods, synapsida and chondrichthyes.

Answer 147

Chordata

Question 148

This protein stains blue-green in Masson’s trichrome stain, and this protein appears red in the presence of both Verhoeff’s stain and a Van Gieson counterstain.

Answer 148

Collagen

Question 149

Defects in the PLOD1 gene result in the kyphoscoliosis version of a condition in which this protein’s assembly is disrupted

Answer 149

Collagen

Question 150

The enzyme lysyl oxidase catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from lysines in the final step of this protein’s synthesis

Answer 150

Collagen

Question 151

Glycine residues compose roughly one-third of this protein, which alongside fibronectin is a common ligand for integrin proteins. Enzymes in the synthesis of this compound require a Vitamin C cofactor, and this protein typically assumes a compact, triple helical structure.

Answer 151

Collagen

Question 152

The product Zyderm is an injectable liquid bovine form of this protein

Answer 152

Collagen

Question 153

A defect in the gene for this protein can cause Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Almost every third amino acid of this protein is glycine, and it also contains the uncommon amino acid hydroxyproline. Vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of this triple helical protein, whose cross-linking is performed by the enzyme lysyl oxidase.

Answer 153

Collagen

Question 154

The angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin is derived from the breakdown of this protein. The coppercontainingenzyme lysyl oxidase catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from the epsilon-amino groupof lysines, allowing cross-linking of this protein.

Answer 154

Collagen

Question 155

A form of this protein is defective in a disease thatpresents with blue sclera. Defects in it can result in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, osteogenesisimperfecta, and (*)) Alport’s syndrome

Answer 155

Collagen

Question 156

The pro– form of this protein is assembled in the ER, and peptidasescleave propetides at the ends of that pro– form after secretion. It contains many glycine-proline-X andglycine-X-hydroxyproline motifs.

Answer 156

Collagen

Question 157

This protein contains the amino acids hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and glycine and proline appear at regular intervals along its length. It forms a (*) triple-helical structure and links together to form fibrils.

Answer 157

Collagen

Question 158

A self-limiting disease associated with one of this protein’s genes leads to irritability, swelling and abnormal bone changes in infants; that hyperostosis is sometimes known as Caffey disease.

Answer 158

Collagen

Question 159

This protein is partially synthesized via reactions that are catalyzed by prolyl-4 and lysyl hydroxylases. The degradation of this protein into amino acids is partially regulated by cortisol

Answer 159

Collagen

Question 160

Blood in urine is one common symptom of a nephritis caused by mutations in this protein’s genes, known as Alport syndrome

Answer 160

Collagen

Question 161

Defects in this protein’s namesake peptidases that prevent them from creating this protein’s tropo- precursor is known as

Answer 161

Collagen

Question 162

Integrins serve as cell surface receptors to fibronectin and this protein, and mutations in genes coding for this protein affect glomorular structure and kidney activity in Alport syndrome.

Answer 162

Collagen

Question 163

One isoform of this protein is targeted by autoantibodies in Goodpasture’s syndrome

Answer 163

Collagen

Question 164

. ADAMTS2 cleaves its precursors, This protein is glycosylated withtwo-sugar units, and its lysine residues are crosslinked after secretion

Answer 164

Collagen

Question 165

This protein is targeted by the drug Xiaflex, which treats Dupuytren’s contracture with Clostridium-isolated enzymes that hydrolyze this protein.

Answer 165

Collagen

Question 166

One type of this compound is found in osteoid trabeculae, and a derivative of this compound found in porifera is called spongin

Answer 166

Collagen

Question 167

Cross linking in this protein occurs when two oxidized derivatives of lysine link up; the amount of cross linking that occurs in this protein increases with age. This protein contains three left handed helices which combine to form a triple helix

Answer 167

Collagen

Question 168

In one condition involving this molecule, kidneys are unable to filter waste products from the blood due to a failure of the basement membranes

Answer 168

Collagen

Question 169

The lens of the (*)) eye contains its crystalline form

Answer 169

Collagen

Question 170

Evidence in support of a progressive maturation model of Golgi apparatus cisternae was provided by observing the transport of a precursor form of this molecule containing 200-residue propeptides at both ends.

Answer 170

Collagen

Question 171

Autoantibodies attack the alpha-3 chains of one type of this protein in Goodpasture’s Syndrome. Substitution of serine for cysteine at position 1564 of the alpha-5 chain of that type of this protein leads to a severe form of

Answer 171

Collagen

Question 172

Along with laminins, type IV of this protein forms a two-dimensional mesh in the basal lamina. This protein primarily consists of a triple helix of Gly-X-Y repeats, where X and Y are typically proline and hydroxyproline

Answer 172

Collagen

Question 173

One disease resulting from mutations in this protein causes destruction of small blood vessels in the kidneys

Answer 173

Collagen

Question 174

A variety of this protein that appears primarily in interstitial tissue is associated with Ulrich myopathy

Answer 174

Collagen

Question 175

The biosynthesis of one type of it involves binding by the chaperone protein Hsp47

Answer 175

Collagen

Question 176

Brodsky and Berman determined this chemical’s structure, which includes a sheath of stabilizing ordered water molecules. Due its dearth of cysteine residues, cross-linking of occurs near the N- and C-termini between lysine and histidine residues with the aid of lysyl oxidase.

Answer 176

Collagen