Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

allele

A

A different form of a gene that codes for a different version of a characteristic.

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2
Q

gene

A

Section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic.

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3
Q

genotype

A

A description of the pair of alleles present for a characteristic.

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4
Q

phenotype

A

The physical expression of the alleles.

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5
Q

homozygous

A

Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic are the same, e.g. HH.

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6
Q

heterozygous

A

Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic are different, e.g. Hh.

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7
Q

dominant

A

An allele that will always be expressed even when there is only one of these alleles present, represented by a capital letter.

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8
Q

recessive

A

An allele that will only be expressed when both alleles are of this type e.g. hh.

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9
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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10
Q

Selective breading

A

Selective breeding is where: humans bread organisms with specific genetic characteristics.

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11
Q

Cloning

A

A clone is a geneticaly identical organisms

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12
Q

Why clone plants?

A

To…
. Protect rare species from extinction
. Protect crops with desierable characteristics

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13
Q

Why clone animals?

A

To…
. Create cattle with desierable characteristics
. Could be used in medicine

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14
Q

Cuttings

A

A small part of the plant is cut away(leaves,stem,roots)

It is placed in soil

The cutting will grow into a plant

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15
Q

Tissue cultures

A

A small group of cells is collected from the plant

Next you place the cells on a substance called Agar

Agar provides the cells with nutrients to grow. next the cells begine to grow

Once it’s roots and shoots are established it can be planted

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16
Q

Embryo transplants

A

This process begins with selective breading

The farmer then removes and splits off the embryo

The individual embryos will form their own embryos

The embryos can be implanted into host mothers

17
Q

Adult cell cloning

A

Begins with a skin cell
Next the nucleus is removed
Next you take an eggcell and remove its neucleus
Insert the removed neucleus into the empty egg cell
The new egg cell will be given an electric shock in order to fertilise

18
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Where there is only one parent so there is no mixing of genetic matirial and the offspring are clones of eachother and of their parent

19
Q

DNA

A

Your DNA carries your genetic information. It is like the code of your body.
. It is made up of two strands.

.The strands are joined together by chemicals called DNA bases.

.The strands are twisted together to form a double-helix shape

20
Q

Variation

A

The differences in characteristics between individuals of the same species is called variation.

21
Q

Environmental variation

A

Some variation is the result of differences in the surroundings, or what an individual does. This is called environmental variation.

22
Q

Inherited variation

A

Some variation is passed on from parents to offspring, via genes, during reproduction. This is inherited variation.

23
Q

Transgenic/ genetic engineering

A

In genetic engineering, genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be ‘cut out’ using enzmes and transferd to cells of other organism.