Biology Flashcards
The elements of life are:
Growth, Response to the Environment, Reproduction, Energy, and Organization in Cells
Definition of energy
the ability to do work; gives organisms strength to live
von Helmut
studied how tees grow;1600s, Flemish from Belgium, 1600s. (He didn’t actually figure out how trees grow but he showed it wasn’t from the soil.)
chloroplasts
the organelles inside a plant cell that absorb the energy from the sun and add the water and CO2 from the leaves to create food, which is glucose
glucose
The form of energy created by a plant
autotroph
organisms that make their own food. From two Greek words auto = self and tropha = food. Autotrophs are also called producers. Make food from sun, water, and air.
heterotroph
an organism that consumes energy from outside of itself. hetero = other. Also called consumers. Get energy from other organisms
food chain
a way to demonstrate how energy moves, starting with a plant like grass to a small heterotroph, to a larger animal, to a larger animal, etc. Key is that it starts as a plant then goes to consumer. Then…goes to decaying organisms that fungi eat (Decomposers)
ecology
how all the living and non-living things interact with each other in their environment
Alexandar Van Humboldt
July 1799 - Alexandar Van Humboldt went to New Grenada and South America, Peru, Mexico etc and recorded a book…father of modern ecology
biome
A region of the world with a certain kind of climate along with what lives there
What are 7 key biomes
Note: some scientists use a different category so may have a few more or less. Tundra Coniferous Deciduous Grasslands Desert Tropical Aquatic
Tundra
Coldest of all the biomes - Russia, Canada etc - comes from the Finnish word for “elevated wasteland” can be -50 degrees F. Short cold summers. Also has Permafrost - frozen land that stays frozen all year long. Moss and grass and tiny shrubs. Foxes, wolves, polar bears Cold artic weather.
Coniferous
A place with a lot of cone-bearing trees; south of tundra in north Europe, Russia, Canada, N USA. Cold winters and humid summers. (Not perma-frost) Moose, rabbits,
Deciduous
Further south - Eastern parts of the west and Europe and eastern China. Trees lose their leaves for the winter. Have four full seasons. Many types of animals. Cold winters and hot summers.
Grasslands
Cold winters and warm summers, but not enough rain for trees to survive. Only grasses and small shrubs. S. Africa, Argentina, Russia, Western US. Dark soils with nutrients.
Desert
Comes from Latin term for “something left to waste” Hottest, Driest biome with less than 10 inches of rain, Australia, Ethiopia, Southwest US. Cactus lives here.
Reptiles, scoropions.
Tropical
Western Africa, India. The opposite of a desert for rainfall. Up to 400” a year. There are more plants and animals than any other biome. More than half of all species in the world live in tropical.
Aquatic
There is twice as much water as land on the earth. Includes lakes, rivers, and other water.
Bacteria
Cells that have a cell wall outside the cell membrane. Ribosomes that build protein. Bacteria have a lot of these. Prokaryotic (single cell without a nucleus) cells.
Examples of disease bacteria that Europeans brought to the New World in the 1600s
Diptheria, cholera, bubonic plague
Pilli
Hairlike things on outside of bacteria that help it to stick to things
Flagella
Tail-like thing that helps the bacteria move around
Shapes of bacteria
coiled, circular, cone, twisted, rods
Types of bacteria and difference
Archaebacteria and eubacteria - different DNA and eubacteria lives in extreme environments
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria can live in extreme places - inside ocean floor, extreme cold.
Eubacteria
Very common; live everywhere around us and in us, 10x more bacteria than human cells in our body.
Is bacteria a producer, consumer, or decomposer?
Decomposer
Robert Hook
created a 30x microscope in 1665 - first in the world - and he discovered the cell
What is the largest cell known?
Ostrich egg
Cell Theory
What is true about living things
- All living things are made up of one or more living cells
- All cells come from other living cells
- The cell is the basic unit of organization in all living things
3 parts of a cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Genetic material
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid - the instruction that tells the cell what kind of cell it is
Two categories of cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Often called simple cells; prokaryotic organisms are single cell organisms.
The key thing is that their DNA is free-floating.
Have very few organelles
Eukaryotic
Can also be single cell, but usually are for multi-cell organisms.
The key thing is that DNA is inside the nucleus.
Have many organelles floating in the cytoplasm.
What guides a creature’s growth and change?
DNA
First scientists to discover DNA double helix structure, where, and when?
Watson (American) and Crick (English) at Cavendish Lab at Cambridge University in 1953.
The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is largely concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes within cells.
What makes a protein and how many types in humans?
Organelles in a cell make proteins; there are 100,000+ types in humans.
tissue
The result of multiple cells together which then makes up something - e.g. a muscle
What are bases in DNA and what types are there?
Bases are what the rungs of DNA are made of. The four types are: Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
What are the base pairs of DNA?
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
What is RNA
Ribonucleic Acid - A copy from DNA (where U matches with A in the base pair instead)
Transcription
When RNA makes a copy of DNA
Ribosome
The part of the cell outside the nucleus that interprets the RNA to make a particular protein
How many base pairs (“rungs”) are in human DNA?
3 billion
Decomposers
eat dead organisms
Linneas
In 1500s, Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them, known as binomial nomenclature.
What are the Kingdom classifications
Plants Animals Fungi Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria
What is the order of classification of living things
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What are the Phyla within the animal kingdom?
Porifera (sea sponges) Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Annelida (worms) Mollusca Anthropoda (ants, flies, crabs) Chordata (animals with spines)
What are Classes of Animals?
Reptiles Mammals Fish Birds Amphibians
What kingdom is the “junk drawer” kingdom?
Protists
Are protists Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
All Eukoryotic, with a nucleus.
Who expanded categorization from plant or animal to more kingdoms including smaller organisms?
1866 Ernest Hegel
He proposed all the microorganisms should be in a kingdom and he calls it Protista. At the time it included bacteria but that’s now its own kingdom.
If it is not a plant, animal, bacteria, or fungi, what kingdom is it?
Protista
Where are Protista found?
Usually near water or moisture
Are Protista multiple cells or single cells?
Some are one cell and some are multiple cells
Are they autotropic or heterotropic?
Trick question. Some are autotropic and some are heterotropic, and some are both!
What are the different types of protists
Protozoans
Algae
Mold
What kind of protists are animal-like?
Protozoans
What kind of protists are plant-like?
Algae
What kind of protists are fungus-like?
Mold
How are protozoans like animals?
Move around like animals
Eat food like animals
Are only one cell. (Animals have to have more than one cell)
What kind of protists are interesting about amoeba?
Protozoans that change shape and wrap around food to eat it
What are Giardia?
Weird tail that it uses to move around. It’s a protozoan.
What are Paramecium?
Protozoans. Have ciiia (hair-like things) that help them move around. Shaped like a shoe and lives in ponds.
What are Algae?
Like plants because are autotropic, but don’t have stems and leaves and roots. So they aren’t a plant. They live in water. There are 17,00 types of algae.
What produces 25% of the world’s oxygen?
Algae that are called diatoms
Which protists are decomposers?
Molds. There is a kind that
Different than fungus because they can move around - can crreep along the ground.
Examples of fungi?
Yogurt
Mushrooms
Yeast
Mold
Which is plural - fungi or fungus?
fungi is plural; fungus is singular
Who discovered penicillin and when? What is it?
1928
Alexander Fleming
He noticed that fungus penicillin prevented the bacteria from growing in his lab.
Penicillin is the first antibiotic.
Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic - lots of organelles and the DNA is inside the nucleus
Do fungi have cell walls?
Yes, they have cell walls (in addition to the cell membrane)
What is the only fungi that is not multi-cellular.
Almost all fungi are multi-cellular except yeast.
Every fungi except for yeast has stringy fibers called
hyphae
Are fungi heterotropic or autotropic?
Unlike plants, fungi have to consume other things
Why do fungi live in their food?
Because they eat “externally” and then consume it through cells, so they have to live in the food.
Are fungi decomposers?
Yes
Can fungi move?
No
Why did slime molds get moved to the protista kingdom?
Because they move; fungi stay in one place.
Who discovered that yeast would rise?
Egyptians made the first bread like we eat?
What is bread called that doesn’t have yeast in it?
Unleavened bread
What is the Feast of the Unleavened Bread?
Jewish remembrance of deliverance from Egypt
Seven things we need to know about fungi?
- Eukaryotic
- Cell Walls
- Multi-cellular
- Made up of hyphae
- Heterotropic with external digestion
- Decomposers
- Not mobile
