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Science > Biology 9 > Flashcards

Biology 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory

Who are the 3 discoverers of cell theory?

A

The basic principles of biology

Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, Rudolph Virchow

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2
Q

What can cells be

A

Unicellular or multicellular

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3
Q

Red blood cells have no nucleus

A

True

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4
Q

Most important function of a cell

A

Produce proteins

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5
Q

What are proteins and what are they made up of

A

Biological molecules, made up of amino acids

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6
Q

Examples of amino acids

A

Hemoglobin, insulin, keratin, collagen, enzymes

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7
Q

How do you calculate field of view

A

Low power f.o.v x magnification of low power / magnification of medium power

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Most visible component of a cell (controls everything

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9
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

A barrier to what can eneter/exit

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10
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Allows ribosomes and RNA to exit the nucleus

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Material inside the nucleus that’s composed of unraveled chromosomes containing DNA

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Visible part, responsible for production of ribosomes to be transported outside the nucleus to the rough ER

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13
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Blue print for the body

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14
Q

Nucleotides

A

Basic unit of DNA

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15
Q

What are nucleotides made up of

A

One sugar and phosphate molecule and one of the four nitrogen bases

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16
Q

4 nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

A-T, C-G

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17
Q

Nucleotide diagram

A

Rectangle (phosphate) - house (sugar) - circle (base)

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18
Q

Double helix

A

Double stranded molecule (twisted ladder)

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Hold atoms together

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Hold two strands of the spiral together (weak)

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21
Q

Genes

A

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein (determined by bases)
Responsible for all characteristics

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22
Q

Genome

A

Organisms genes

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23
Q

Human genome is contained in the….

A

23 chromosomes in the nucleus

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24
Q

DNA Replication (Steps)

A

Unwind - base pairing - joining

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25
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA unzips when it splits- if you know the bases of one strand then you know the other

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26
Q

DNA replication enzymes

A

Polymerase- helps new bases join old

Helicase- separates DNA

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27
Q

Genes store all the information needed to produce how many proteins

A

10,000 to 90,000

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28
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acids

Single stranger

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29
Q

What sugar does RNA contain

A

Ribose

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30
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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31
Q

Four base pairs of RNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, Uracil

A-U, C-G

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32
Q

Chromosomes

A

Made up of one strand of DNA, two chromatids paired

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33
Q

Chromatid

A

A copy of the chromosome after it has replicated

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34
Q

Centromere

A

The regions where chromatids are attached

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35
Q

What do chromosomes determine

A

Sex of a person (M = Y, F= X)

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36
Q

What are each chromosomes paired with

A

Another chromosome that has the same genetic information

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37
Q

Cell division: functions

A

Growth, repair, reproduction

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38
Q

What happens in the growth phase of cell division

A

Organisms begin as a single cell (multicellular cells go through cell division to increase)
Cytoplasm increases
Cells specialize and grow tissues/organs when a body gets enough cells

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39
Q

What happens in the repair phase of cell division

A

Multicellular cells can become damaged

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40
Q

What happens in the reproduction phase of cell division

A

Unicellular cells use cell division

Single celled bacteria reproduce (identical copies)

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41
Q

Cell cycle phases

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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42
Q

What happens in interphase

A

Growth phase
Cells synthesize proteins
DNA copies itself

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43
Q

Four phases of interphase

A

G0: cells are always resting
G1: Growth in cell
S: DNA replication
G2: Further growth

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44
Q

What happens in mitosis

A

Nucleus division

DNA movement is caused by spindle fibers

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45
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

Cell divides

Daughter cells

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46
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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47
Q

What happens in prophase

A

First stage- chromosomes “coil”, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles divide and move to opposite poles

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48
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up and spindle fibers pull them apart

49
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Centromeres split, sister chromatids move apart

50
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear membrane reforms; cytokinesis begins

51
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

One parent, genetically identical, cells are not specialized for reproduction (no sperm/eggs)

52
Q

Binary fission

A

An organism that splits into two equal halves, a method of reproduction for bacteria and protists (unicellular eukaryote, ex. Euglena)

53
Q

Budding

A

A growth on the parent cell and when developed enough breaks off

54
Q

Spore formation

A

Organisms form a special cell (spore) which is released into any environment where it can grow
Ex. moulds

55
Q

Fragmentation

A

Breaking off part of the parent

56
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

Only in plants- they grow a long stem which is called a runner which breaks off

57
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The result of sexual reproduction which shuffles DNA

58
Q

Variation

A

The genetic differences in a species

59
Q

Gametes

A 
Sex cells (sperm and egg)
Three stages: production of gametes, fertilization, development
60
Q

Autosomes

A

Not responsible for determining sex

61
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Determine the sex
XY = M
XX = F

62
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Same size, similar genes on same location, gene for colour, etc.

63
Q

Diploid cell

A

2 sets of chromosomes (nerve, skin, muscles, STEM)

64
Q

Haploid cell

A

1 set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)

65
Q

How many homologous chromosomes do males and females have

A 
F = 23
M = 22 because the sex chromosomes X and Y are not homologous
66
Q

Meiosis

A

The process where haploid gametes are made in the body (ovary of female, testes of males) - gonads

67
Q

What are the two sets of division for meiosis

A

Meiosis I and meiosis II

68
Q

How does meiosis work

A

Basically the same as mitosis in terms of phases, but instead of resulting in two identical daughter cells, it results in four sex cells

69
Q

3 stages of reproduction

A

Mating, fertilization, embryonic development

70
Q

Fertilization

A

Process where eggs and sperm combine

71
Q

Cell division will only occur if

A

Enough nutrients, warm enough temperature, sufficient moisture, good protection

72
Q

Two types of fertilization

A

Internal and external

73
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

74
Q

Morula

A

When the zygote divides several times to form a cluster of cells

75
Q

Blastula

A

When the cells organize themselves into 3 layers

76
Q

Gastrula

A

Differentiation- The cell layers form organs and tissues

77
Q

Placenta

A

When the embryo forms finger-like projectiles of villi into the uterus lining
Provides nutrients and oxygen

78
Q

First trimester

A

Brain, spinal cord, ears, eyes, organs, sexual differentiation

79
Q

Second trimester

A

Movement, open eyelids, fetus can survive outside w/ special care

80
Q

Third trimester

A

Rapid weight gain

81
Q

Reproduction hormones

A

Testosterone and estrogen

82
Q

Testes

A

Where sperm is made, makes male hormone

83
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac-like organ containing the testes; outside body to montior temp

84
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Tubes that make up the testes; where sperm is made

85
Q

Epididymis

A

Organ where sperm are stored

86
Q

Vas deferens

A

Help transport sperm

87
Q

Ejaculation

A

How sperm is released

88
Q

Semen

A

Seminal vesical and prostate add this fluid to sperm

89
Q

Erectile tissue

A

A specialized tissue where blood flows to enable erection

90
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gametes where eggs are stored and mature

91
Q

Estrogen, progesterone

A

Hormones that regulate periods

92
Q

Uterus

A

Nourishes fetus

93
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Fertilization happens here

94
Q

Cervix

A

Neck of uterus (ring of muscles)

95
Q

Vagina

A

A tube that the cervix leads to

96
Q

Vulva

A

External genetilla

97
Q

Oviduct

A

Fallopian tubes (where egg travels)

98
Q

Clitoris

A

Sensitive part above uretha

99
Q

LH, FSH

A

Hormones
LH = Ovulation
FSH = Stimulates follicles to develop

100
Q

Menstruation

A

When the lining of the uterus breaks down

101
Q

Follicle

A

A fluid filled ball developing in the ovary containing an egg, eventually bursting which releases the egg into the oviduct (ovulation)
After ovulation the egg develops in a thick lining of blood and glands

102
Q

Ovulation

A

When the follicle bursts and releases an egg into the oviduct

If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterus resulting in pregnancy

If no fertilization occurs, the period continues

103
Q

Yellow body

A

A follicle that remains after the egg is released, and also breaks down in the uterus

104
Q

Plan gametes

A 
Egg cells
Pollen grains (M)
105
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plant reproductive structure

106
Q

Plants

A

Moss, ferns, etc.

107
Q

Flowers are…

A

the reproductive system (seeds grow, plant)

108
Q

Seed

A

When pollen grains fertilize the egg cell

109
Q

Sepals

A

Small leaves, protect bud

110
Q

Petals

A

Scented/colored (usually), produce sugary nectar from the base

111
Q

Stamens

A

Male sex organs

Anther: Where pollen is made
Filament: Stalk holding the anther

112
Q

Carpels/Pistil

A

Female sex organs

Stigma, style, ovary

113
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from anther to carpel

114
Q

Where do pollen grains land on during pollination

115
Q

What does the style join to the ovary

A

The stigma

116
Q

Self pollination

A

When pollen from the anthers of one flower lands on the stigma of the same flower

117
Q

Cross pollination

A

When pollen from the anthers of a flower lands on the stigma of a flower of the same species (more variation)

118
Q

Insect pollination

A

Pollen is distributed by insects

Colorful, scented petals to attract, anthers/stigmas inside for insects to rub against, small amounts of sticky pollen for the ability to stick to insects bodies

119
Q

Wind pollination

A

Pollen is distributed by wind

Anthers hang outside to catch wind, large, feathery stigma’s to catch pollen grains in the air, smooth, light pollen is made so it can be easily transported by the wind

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