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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Red Blood Cell Size

A

8 micro meters

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2
Q

Lymphocyte size

A

20 micro meter

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3
Q

Bacterium size

A

1 micro meter

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4
Q

B cells mature location

A

Spleen

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5
Q

T cells mature location

A

Thymus

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6
Q

Centrioles migrate during which phase?

A

Prophase

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7
Q

Viral envelope components

A

Phospholipids protein glycogprotein

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8
Q

Capsid components

A

Protein

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9
Q

What bonds are broken/created when ligase/restriction enzymes are used?

A

Hydrogen and phosphodiester

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10
Q

Most CO2 in blood is in what form?

A

Bicarbonate

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11
Q

Sensory neuron

A

1 long dendrite

1 short axon

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12
Q

Relay neuron

A

Many short dendrites

Many short axons

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13
Q

Motor neurons

A

Many short dendrites

One long axon

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14
Q

Insulin + opposite name

A

Glucose&raquo_space; glycogen

Glucagon

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15
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

No insulin- autoimmune

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16
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Does not respond to insulin

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17
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

Liver

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18
Q

ADH secreted when…

A

When body ขาดน้ำ

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19
Q

ADH is produced in…

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

ADH is stored in….

A

Pituary

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21
Q

Thyroxine does…

Secreted in …

A 
Increase metabolic rate
Thyroid gland (neck)
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22
Q

Why do phenotypes of parent and child differ?

A

Random alignment leads to new combinations of traits during metaphase I.

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23
Q

SANS

A

Sino-atrial node
Pacemaker
Sets rhythm
Generates impulse for atrium to contract!!

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24
Q

AVN

A

Atrioventricular node
Delays impulse
Before passing to bundle of his

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25
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

Pass impulse (from avn) to PURKINES fibre

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26
Q

Smaller fibres in heart

A

PURKINES

controls contraction if ventricles

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27
Q

Bicuspid

A

Left

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28
Q

Tricuspid

A

Right

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29
Q

Systole

A

Contract

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30
Q

Diastole

A

Relax

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31
Q

Cilia is made from…

32
Q

Ribosomes are made from…

A

Protein, 2 subunits

33
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal cell have

A

23 pairs or 46 single chromosomes

34
Q

Prophase I consists of 5 phases…

A 
LEPTOTENE
ZYGOTENE
PACHYTENE
DIPLOTENE
DIAKINESIS

90% of meiosis cycle

35
Q

Leptotene

A

LEPTOTENE
Chromosomes - thin threads
-each = sister chromatids
Total : 46 chromosomes

36
Q

Zygotene

A

ZYGOTENE

Synapsis : Homologous chromosome comes close together to form pairs

37
Q

Pachytene

A

PACHYTENE

  • Pairing is complete
  • • ‘Tetrad chromosome’ formed (four sister chromatids) aka ‘Bivalent’ (two chromosomes)

CHIASMATA formed (link between non sister chromatids) from crossing over

•Recombination/crossing over(non sister chromatids exchange segments)

38
Q

Crossing over/recombination

A

Exchange of segments of non sister chromatids

Cause of genetic variation

Produce chiasmata

39
Q

Link from crossing over called?

40
Q

S phase

A

Dna duplication

Cetrioles too!!

41
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Have genes that control the same traits

Dna does /control the same function

42
Q

Diplotene

A

Homologous chromosomes uncoils
REMAINS IN BIVALENT STRUCTURE
still attached at chiasmata

43
Q

Diakinesis

A

Chromosome condenses even more

Nuclear envelops breaks down

Nucleoli disappears

Mitotic apparatus starts to form

44
Q

Centromere

A

Attaches two sister chromatids

45
Q

Centrosome

A

Produce mitotic spindles at poles

46
Q

Kinetochores

A

On centromere where mitotic spindles attach to

47
Q

Metaphase I

A

Centrosome migrate to equator

BIVALENT ATTACHMENT Attach spindles to kinetochores and entire bivalent, not just individual chromosome

Line up bivalent structure at equator (metaphase playe)

48
Q

Anaphase I

A

Short + pulls bivalent structure towards poles

Chiasmata breaks

Sister chromatids not separated

Cell elongates for divison

49
Q

Telophase I

A

Mitotic apparatus disappear

New membranE

Each daughter cell = 23 chromosome - two sister chromatids each)

Haploid because diploid parents

50
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow (animal cells)

51
Q

When homologous chromosomes successfully separates ir fails to separate in meiosis

A

Disjunction (successful)

Non-disjunction (fails)
Eg down syndrome TRISOMY of chromosome 21

52
Q

Sebum

A

Secreted from swear glands

Helps prevent cracks in skin

53
Q

Apoplast vs symplast

A 
Apoplast = cellwall
Symplast = cytoplasm
54
Q

AT
CG

No. Of H bonds

55
Q

Which of these does not involve the brain??

Homeostasis
Temp regulation
Osmoregulation
Blood glucose regulation

A

Glucose
(Pancreas secretes insulin/glucagon
Effects liver)

Other two - hypothalamus

56
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose&raquo_space; ethanol + co2

Glucose&raquo_space; lactic acid

57
Q

How does

1 plants
2 animals
3 bacteria

Store glucose??

A

1 starch

2,3 glycogen

58
Q

Gene expression is controlled during…

A

Transcription

59
Q

Impulse rates are affected by…

A

Myelin sheath + diameter of axon

60
Q

What organelles in animal cells contain rna

61
Q

Recombinant plasmid

A

Plasmid ที่ใส่ desired gene เข้าไปแล้ว

62
Q

Nervouse control of heart rate (brain name)

A

Brain stem

63
Q

Anabolic

Catabolic

A

Ana - build

Cata ~ breaks down

64
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote dna

A 
P = circular
E= linear

Both double stranded

65
Q

Anticodons vs codons

A 
Anti = trna
Codon = mrna
66
Q

Ribosomes size

A

70s in bacterial

80s in eukaryote
Exception - mitochondria + chloroplast (70s)

67
Q

Humoral

A

Antibodies

68
Q

Toxoids

A

Modified toxins

69
Q

Weakened pathogens for vaccines

A

Attenuated

By chemicals, cultured in high temp

70
Q

Chemicals added to vaccines to increase effect

71
Q

Granna

Stroma

A 
Granna = photosynthesis
Stroma = fluid surrounding granna

NADP+ is reduced

72
Q

Plant cells with chloroplast

A

Palisade mesophyll
Spongy (a little)
Guard cells

73
Q

Lock,Key

A

Substrate key

Enzyme lock

74
Q

Colon

A

Large intestine

75
Q

Xylem,Phloem

A

Xylem- water + mineral ions

Phloem - sucrose + amino acid

76
Q

Lactic acid

BMAT [Personal] (4 decks)

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