biology Flashcards
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mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
cytokinesis
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
cell cycle
the cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
prophase
the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.
metaphase
the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.
anaphase
the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.
chromosomes
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
centromere
the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
spindle
a slender mass of microtubules formed when a cell divides. At metaphase the chromosomes become attached to it by their centromeres before being pulled toward its ends.
metaphase plate
The metaphase plate is a plane or region that is approximately equidistant from the two poles of a dividing cell.
heredity
the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.
genetics
the genetic properties or features of an organism, characteristic, etc.
self-pollination
the pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or from another flower on the same plant.
cross-pollination
pollination of a flower or plant with pollen from another flower or plant.
trait
a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.
purebred
bred from parents of the same breed or variety.
hybrid
the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties
gene
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
dominance
the phenomenon whereby, in an individual containing two allelic forms of a gene, one is expressed to the exclusion of the other.
recessive
relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents
segregation
the separation of pairs of alleles at meiosis and their independent transmission via separate gametes.
independant assortment
The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
genotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
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