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combined science - biology (GCSE) > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cell division leads to identical cells being formed?

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

What type of cell division leads to non-identical cells being formed?

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

What does sexual reproduction, in animals, involve?

A

The joining (fusing) of male and female gametes (sperm and egg)

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4
Q

What does sexual reproduction, in plants, involve?

A

The joining (fusing) of gametes (pollen and egg cells)

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5
Q

What does sexual reproduction lead to and why?

A

Variety in the offspring as there is mixing of genetic information

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6
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

One parent (no fusion or mixing of genetic information) leading to genetically identical offspring

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7
Q

What is a clone?

A

Genetically identical offspring (a result of asexual reproduction)

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8
Q

What does meiosis do to the number of chromosomes in the gamete?

A

It halves it (46 to 23)

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9
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes during fertilisation?

A

It doubles (male and female gametes both have 23 chromosomes, combining to make 46)

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10
Q

What key stages occur when a cell divides to form gametes (meiosis)?

A
  1. Copies of the genetic information are made
  2. The cell divides twice forming four gametes (each with a single set of chromosomes)
  3. All the gametes are genetically different from each other
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11
Q

What is the genetic material in the nucleus of a cell composed of?

A

DNA

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12
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix

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13
Q

What is DNA contained in?

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome

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15
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

A particular sequence of amino acids, which make specific proteins

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16
Q

What is the genome of an organism?

A

The entire genetic material of that organism

17
Q

Why is having the human genome sequence important?

A

It will be of benefit to medicine

18
Q

Why is understanding the human genome important?

A
  • Genes linked to different types of disease can be searched for
  • Inherited disorders can be understood / treated
  • Migration patterns of the past can be traced
19
Q

Explain the term: gamete

A

A sex cell (e.g. sperm or egg)

20
Q

Explain the term: chromosome

A

A long molecule of DNA, found in the nucleus of a cell, which carries genes

21
Q

Explain the term: gene

A

A short section of DNA, found on a chromosome, carrying the instructions needed to make a protein (and so controls the development of a characteristic)

22
Q

Explain the term: allele

A

An alternative version of a gene

23
Q

Explain the term: dominant

A

The allele for the characteristic that’s shown by an organism if two different alleles are present for that characteristic

24
Q

Explain the term: recessive

A

An allele whose characteristic only appears in an organism if there are two copies present

25
Q

Explain the term: homozygous

A

Where an organism has two alleles for a particular gene that are the same

26
Q

Explain the term: heterozygous

A

Where an organism has two alleles for a particular gene that are different

27
Q

Explain the term: genotype

A

What alleles and organism has, e.g. Tt

28
Q

Explain the term: phenotype

A

The characteristics an organism has, e.g. tall

29
Q

Give an example of characteristics controlled by a single gene

A

Fur colour in mice / red-green colour blindness in humans

30
Q

What controls the phenotype (what is expressed)?

A

Alleles present (or genotype) operating at a molecular level to develop characteristics expressed (as a phenotype)

31
Q

Which allele is always expressed?

A

The dominant (even if only one copy is present)

32
Q

What are most characteristics a result of?

A

Multiple genes interacting (rather than a single gene)

combined science - biology (GCSE) (1 decks)

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