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FINALS (2ND SEM//G12 STEM 1) - 3RD DAY > BIOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOLOGY Flashcards

ms lou parang awa mo na huhu

1
Q

Flip card.

A

Theories of Evolution - Starting Point.

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2
Q

This means evolution with modification; a process of change.

A

Evolution

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3
Q

Simply means inheritance.

A

Descent

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4
Q

Changes in traits from one generation to another.

A

Modification

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5
Q

The number of the same species in a particular area.

A

Population

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6
Q

A type of evolution that creates changes in the DNA that’s done at a molecular level and is small-scale.

A

Microevolution

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7
Q

A type of evolution wherein altered genes group together that results into a new species in the next generation.

A

Macroevolution

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8
Q

Collection of genes and alleles.

A

Gene Pool

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9
Q

What is the formula for allele frequencies?

A

Number of copies of a specific allele
_____________________________
Total number of alleles in a population

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10
Q

They made the manuscript about the description of species.

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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11
Q

They suggested that closely related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing.

A

Georges-Louis Buffon

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12
Q

They believed that membes of a species were created identical to one another.

A

Aristotle

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13
Q

They claimed that all changes in nature are gradual.

A

Charles Lyell

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14
Q

They proposed the theory of use and disuse as well as the theory of acquired traits.

A

Jean Baptise de Lamarck

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15
Q

This theory states that species will acquire traits from their environment.

A

Acquired Traits Theory

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16
Q

Proposed the famous theory of natural selection and claims that evolution is descent with modification.

A

Charles Darwin

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17
Q

What was the ship that the proponent of the theory of evolution took a voyage on for five years?

A

HMS (Her Majesty’s) Beagle

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18
Q

What was the title of the book of the same proponent?

A

The Origin of Species by Natural Selection

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19
Q

They proposed that mutations in the DNA are what cause the organism to go through evolution or change,

A

Hugo de Vries

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20
Q

These are parts with similar structure but with DIFFERENT functions.

A

Homologous Structures

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21
Q

These are parts with different structures but have the SAME function.

A

Analogous Structures

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22
Q

A structure that has no use in the generation present today but has served several generations before.

A

Vestigial Structures

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23
Q

This is the study of an organism from its birth to death.

A

Embryology

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24
Q

This is a trait that increases an organism’s chance for survival.

A

Adaptation

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25
Q

The copying of another organism’s more dangerous appearance.

A

Mimicry

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26
Q

The abililty of an organism to blend with their environment.

A

Camouflage

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27
Q

What are Darwin’s evidences for his theory?

Hint: F.B.C.

A
  1. Fossil Record
  2. Biogeography
  3. Comparative Anatomy
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28
Q

Flip card.

A

Evolution & Natural Selection - Starting Point.

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29
Q

The emerging of a stronger species from pre-existing ones.

A

Speciation

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30
Q

The total loss of a particular species.

A

Extinction

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31
Q

A NON-RANDOM process that is done by selective pressures in the environment.

A

Natural Selection

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32
Q

A RANDOM process that causes an allele to get lost and either decreases or increases variation.

A

Genetic Drift

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33
Q

All of the changes in the characteristics and diversity of life that occur throughout time.

A

Evolution

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34
Q

What does species need in order to survive?

Hint: F.W.S./N.M.

A
  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Shelter
  4. Nesting sites
  5. Mates
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35
Q

This process can add alleles and either increase or decrease variation. It also upsets genetic equilibrium.

A

Mutation

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36
Q

The ability to choose a mate which doesn’t result into inbreeding.

A

Non-random Mating

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37
Q

This shuffles alleles between populations and prevents speciation.

A

Migration

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38
Q

RANDOM assortment of survivors from a catastrophic event that may result into different allele frequencies.

A

Bottleneck Effect

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39
Q

This occurs when a small group of individual separate from a former population and form a new one, where the gene pool may be different from the original.

A

Founder Effect

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40
Q

A type of natural selection wherein the species with the strongest phenotype will be the ones who will survive.

A

Directional Selection

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41
Q

A type of natural selection wherein two phenotypes are most likely to survive.

A

Disruptive Selection

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42
Q

A type of natural selection wherein the intermediate phenotype is most likely to survive.

A

Stabilizing Selection

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43
Q

A type of natural selection wherein species choose who they will mate with based on specific standards.

A

Sexual Selection

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44
Q

Flip card.

A

Origin of Species - Starting Point.

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45
Q

A group of individuals with the same traits and can interbreed with one another. It also means kind or type in Latin.

A

Species

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46
Q

This shows interbreeding within species.

A

Cladogram

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47
Q

A type of speciation wherein it has a geographic barrier or ranges, creates independent evolutionary change, and makes species vary due to nature.

A

Allopatric Speciation

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48
Q

A type of speciation wherein evolutionary changes occur in the same location but different species emerge due to having different needs.

A

Sympatric Speciation

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49
Q

The evolution of a chromosomal set number from an ancestral species.

A

Polyploidy

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50
Q

Flip card.

A

General Classification - Starting Point.

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51
Q

The science of classifying or grouping organisms, describing, and naming them.

A

Taxonomy

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52
Q

The proponent of binomial nomenclature and father of MODERN taxonomy.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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53
Q

They classified organisms according to their movement.

A

Aristotle

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54
Q

A group at any rank of one or more populations of an organism.

A

Taxon / Taxa

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55
Q

Enumerate the old kingdom classification.

A
  1. Monera
  2. Protista
  3. Fungi
  4. Plantae
  5. Animalia
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56
Q

Enumerate the new kingdom classification.

A
  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Plantae
  6. Animalia
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57
Q

This kingdom consists of bacteria that are able to live in extreme conditions.

A

Kingdom Archaebacteria

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58
Q

This kingdom consists of what is generally known as “true” bacteria.

A

Kingdom Eubacteria

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59
Q

This kingdom consists of unicellular eukaryotes.

A

Kingdom Protista

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60
Q

This kingdom consists of heterotrophic and sessile (immobile) species.

A

Kingdom Fungi

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61
Q

This kingdom consists of autotrophic and sessile species.

A

Kingdom Plantae

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62
Q

This kingdom consists of heterotrophic and motile (mobile) species.

A

Kingdom Animalia

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63
Q

Enumerate the three domains of life.

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Eukarya
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64
Q

This is also known as the most specific grouping of organisms.

A

Species

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65
Q

This is a two-name system for classifying organisms.

A

Binomial Nomeclature

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66
Q

Flip card.

A

Domain Archaea & Eubacteria - Starting Point

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67
Q

A term for one-celled organisms.

A

Unicellular

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68
Q

A term for organisms that are made up of more than one cell.

A

Multi-cellular

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69
Q

Colour of stain for gram positive bacteria.

A

Purple

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70
Q

Colour of stain for gram negative bacteria.

A

Pink

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71
Q

These species have a cell wall made up by peptidoglycan, have circular DNA, and have a pili.

A

Prokaryotes.

72
Q

What is the term for circular DNA?

A

Plasmid

73
Q

The term used for when organisms are capable of producing their own nutrients.

A

Autotrophic

74
Q

The term used for when organisms need to consume others or gather nutrients from other sources.

A

Heterotrophic

75
Q

They are known to be “extremophiles”.

A

Archaeans

76
Q

A kind of Archaean that can live in environments with a pH level less than or equal to 3.

A

Acidophiles

77
Q

A kind of Archaean that are found in concentrations with a high level of salt.

A

Halophiles

78
Q

A kind of Archaean that thrive in stagnant waters or anaerobic intestines.

A

Methanogens

79
Q

A kind of Archaean that can survive in extremely high temperatures.

A

Thermophiles

80
Q

A kind of Archaean that can survive in very dry conditions.

A

Xerophiles

81
Q

They are known to be pathogenic or essential to organisms.

A

Bacteria

82
Q

A bacteria that’s rod-shaped.

A

Bacillus

83
Q

A bacteria that’s round-shaped.

A

Coccus

84
Q

A bacteria that’s spiral-shaped

A

Spirillum

85
Q

A category of bacteria that consists of gram-negative bacteria and pathogens. Also known as the largest group of bacteria.

A

Proteobacteria

86
Q

A category of bacteria that obtains energy through photosynthesis and can produce oxygen. Also known as “blue green algae”.

A

Cyanobacteria

87
Q

A category of bacteria that consists of gram-positive bateria and mycoplasma (bacteria without a cell wall).

A

Firmicutes

88
Q

A category of bacteria that is parasitic and reproduces in a host’s cells.

A

Chlamydiae

89
Q

A category of bacteria that is spiral-shaped and pathogenic.

A

Spirochetes

90
Q

Toxins that are diffused out of a bacteria.

A

Exotoxins

91
Q

Toxins that form in a component of a cell itself.

A

Endotoxins

92
Q

Flip card.

A

Kingdom Fungi - Starting Point

93
Q

This is the Latin word for mushroom.

A

Fungus / Fungi

94
Q

This is the term for the study of fungi.

A

Mycology

95
Q

Enumerate the characteristics of fungi.

Hint: E.C.M. / H.S.G.

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Cells walls are made up of chitin
  3. MOSTLY multi-cellular, but have a unicellular species known as yeast
  4. Heterotrophic
  5. Store energy as glycogen
  6. Grow best in warm, moist environments
96
Q

A kind of fungi that obtains its nutrients from dead matter.

A

Saprobes

97
Q

A kind of fungi that breaks down living tissue.

A

Parasitic

98
Q

A kind of fungi that gets nutrients from a host and reciprocates its benefits for the said host.

A

Mutualistic

99
Q

The microscopic foundation of a fungus.

A

Hyphae

100
Q

A kind of hyphae that has dividers among it.

A

Septate hyphae

101
Q

A kind of hyphae that is a long cell with many nuclei.

A

Coenocytic hyphae

102
Q

A kind of hyphae that sprouts short chains from yeasts.

A

Pseudohyphae

103
Q

Vegetative part of the fungi that absorbs nutrients and is responsible for both reproduction and decomposition. Functions at a macro level.

A

Mycelia

104
Q

A reproductive particle that may germinate.

A

Spores

105
Q

The fusion of a haploid.

A

Karyogamy

106
Q

The reproductive structure that produces, contains, and releases spores.

A

Fruiting Body

107
Q

A phylum of fungi that consists of saprotrophs and pathogens.

A

Phylum Chytridiomycota.

108
Q

A phylum of fungi that consists of fungi that lives on decaying materials.

A

Phylum Zygomycota

109
Q

A phylum of fungi that is the most abundant and is recognized for its large asexual pores.

A

Phylum Glomeromycota

110
Q

A phylum of fungi that consists of filamentous fungi with a hyphae. Also has jelly and shelf fungi.

A

Phylum Basidiomycota

111
Q

A phylum of fungi that consists of sac fungi.

A

Phylum Ascomycota

112
Q

The term for an internal saclike structure in fungi.

A

Ascus

113
Q

Flip card.

A

Kingdom Protista - Starting Point.

114
Q

A category of protists that are heterotrophic or animal-like.

A

Protozoans

115
Q

A category of protists that are autotrophic or plant=like and are either unicellular or multi-cellular.

A

Algae

116
Q

The pigment that makes up green algae.

A

Chlorophyll b

117
Q

The pigment that makes up euglenoids.

A

Chlorophyll b

118
Q

The pigment that makes up brown algae

A

Chlorophyll c2, fucoxanthin

119
Q

The pigment that makes up dinoflagellates,

A

Chlorophyll c2

120
Q

The pigment that makes up red algae

A

Phycoerythrin

121
Q

A type of algae with glass-like cell walls.

A

Diatoms

122
Q

Flip card.

A

Kingdom Plantae - Starting Point.

123
Q

Enumerate the general characteristics of species in kingdom plantae.
(Hint: A.M. / V.R.)

A
  1. Autotrophic
  2. Multi-cellular
  3. Vascular tissues are present
  4. Reproduce MOSTLY asexually
124
Q

A vascular tissues that absorbs water.

A

Xylem

125
Q

A vascular tissues that absorbs nutrients.

A

Phloem

126
Q

The process by which a plant turns light energy into nutrients.

A

Photosynthesis

127
Q

A term for land plants.

A

Embryophytes

128
Q

Another term for vascular plants that have roots, are tall in height, and have complex reproductive strategies.

A

Tracheophytes

129
Q

Another term for non-vascular plants that have rhizoids that hold them in place, are short in height, and reproduces asexually or by vegetative propagation.

A

Bryophytes

130
Q

This is the process when a part of a plant breaks off and develops into a new plants with the exact same genetic information as the original plant.

A

Vegetative Propagation

131
Q

Enumerate the general characteristics of angiosperms.

Hint: F.P.S. / S.C.P.

A
  1. Flowers serve as the reproductive organs
  2. Pollen grains spread genetic info from flower to flower
  3. Stamens are the reproductive structure in flowers that carry male genetic info
  4. Smaller female reproductive parts
  5. Carpels enclose developing seeds that may turn into a fruit
  6. Produces endosperm
132
Q

A material that forms after fertilization and serves as a highly nutritional food source for the developing seed and seedling

A

Endosperm

133
Q

A Greek word that means naked.

A

Gymnos

134
Q

A Greek word that means seed.

A

Sperma

135
Q

Any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed.

A

Gymnosperms

136
Q

Enumerate the general characteristics of gymnosperms.

Hint: N.D.P.

A
  1. No outer covering or shell around their seeds.
  2. Don’t produce flowers or fruits.
  3. Pollinated by wind.
137
Q

A phylum of gymnosperm that is the most diverse, the tallest, and has simple leaves.

A

Coniferophyta

138
Q

A phylum of gymnosperm that resemble palm trees, are concentrated in equatorial regions, and are usually short in height.

A

Cycadophyta

139
Q

A phylum of gymnosperm that comes off from Ginkgo biloba, are endangered, and resembes an angiosperm.

A

Ginkgophyta

140
Q

Flip card.

A

Kingdom Animalia - Starting Point.

141
Q

Enumerate the general characteristics of an animal.

Hint: M.S. / H.S.

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Symmetric
  3. Heterotrophic
  4. Sexual reproduction
142
Q

The kind of symmetry that has a central disc.

A

Radial Symmetry

143
Q

The kind of symmetry that mirrors the other have and has a left and right side.

A

Bilateral Symmetry

144
Q

The kind of symmetry that has two sides which aren’t the same.

A

Asymmetrical

145
Q

Front side.

A

Anterior

146
Q

Tail-end side.

A

Posterior

147
Q

Side.

A

Lateral

148
Q

Back side,

A

Dorsal

149
Q

Belly side.

A

Ventral

150
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists of MARINE organisms that are asexual and simplest as its built until tissue level only.

A

Phylum Porifera

151
Q

Cells that capture food for sponges.

A

Choanocytes

152
Q

Cells that digest food for sponges.

A

Amoebocytes

153
Q

Skeletons of sponges.

A

Spicules

154
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that has radially symmetrical organisms that produce sexually and asexually.

A

Phylum Cnidaria

155
Q

Known as stinging cells.

A

Nematocyst

156
Q

A protective structures for organisms in the phylum of Cnidaria.

A

Hydrostatic Skeleton

157
Q

An organelle in Cnidarians that is used to capture its prey.

A

Cnidocytes

158
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists mainly of flatworms.

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

159
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists mainly of round and unsegmented worms.

A

Phylum Nematoda

160
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists mainly of segmented worms.

A

Phylum Annelida

161
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that are soft-bodied animals.

A

Phylum Mollusca

162
Q

A class of phylum Mollusca where two-shelled organisms are grouped.

A

Class Bivalvia

163
Q

A class of phylum Mollusca where one-shelled organisms are grouped.

A

Class Gastropoda

164
Q

A class of phylum Mollusca where organisms without shells are grouped.

A

Class Cephalopoda

165
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists of animals with jointed feet,

A

Phylum Arthropoda

166
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that has spiny skin and is radial in symmetry.

A

Phylum Echinodermata

167
Q

A phylum of kingdom animalia that is the most complex and has many classes under it.

A

Phylum Chordata

168
Q

A class under phylum chordata that consists of jawless fish.

A

Class Agnatha

169
Q

A class under phylum chordata that consists of cartilege fish.

A

Class Chondricthyes

170
Q

A class under phylum chordata that consists of bony fish.

A

Class Ostrichthyes

171
Q

A class under phylum chordata that consists of animals that lay eggs on land but can also thrive in water.

A

Class Amphibia

172
Q

A class under phylum chordata that consists of animals that lays eggs in water but may also live on land.

A

Class Reptilia

173
Q

A class under phylum chordata that consists of birds.

A

Class Aves

174
Q

A class under phylum chordata that consists of warm-blooded mammals.

A

Class Mammalia

175
Q

A non-vertebrate chordate that are filter feeders.

A

Tunicates

176
Q

A non-vertebrate chordate that are fish-like.

A

Lancelets

FINALS (2ND SEM//G12 STEM 1) - 3RD DAY (1 decks)

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