biology

Question 1

Integumentary System?

Answer 1

skin, hair, and nails, and sweat glands - cutaneous glands

Question 2

Why is the integumentary System Important

Answer 2

individual self-image

Question 3

Integumentary System significant

Answer 3

provides clues to your health
provides clues to other disorders
for example: liver cancer, anemia, lung disease

Question 4

What is Skin?

Answer 4

a membrane covering the external surface of the body

Question 5

How many layers does the skin have?

Answer 5

2 layers

Question 6

What are the 2 layers of skin?

Answer 6

superficial epithelium - epidermis

deeper connective tissue - dermis

Question 7

What is the 3rd layer called?

Answer 7

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

Question 8

What is the Hypodermis - subcutaneous layer made of

Answer 8

loose connective tissue

Question 9

where is the loose connective tissue at

Answer 9

between skin and muscles

Question 10

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 10

resistance to trauma and infection
sensation
Water retention
vitamin d synthesis
thermoregulation
nonverbal communication

Question 11

Resistance to trauma and infection function do?

Answer 11

cells packed with tough keratin
cells linked by strong desmosomes
few organisms able to penetrate if intact
dryness of skin
protective acid layer

Question 12

what does the protective acid layer do?

Answer 12

helps keep organisms on the skin in check

Question 13

What is a sensation?

Answer 13

body’s largest sense organ

provides nerve endings

Question 14

Why are nerve endings helpful in sensation?

Answer 14

temperature, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and injury

Question 15

What is water retention

Answer 15

prevents body from losing or absorbing too much water

Question 16

What is the baseline loss?

Answer 16

400 ml of water/day

Question 17

What is vitamin D Synthesis

Answer 17

the first step carried out by epidermal cells

Question 18

Where is vitamin d synthesis completed

Answer 18

in the kidneys and the liver

Question 19

Why is vitamin d synthesis needed?

Answer 19

it is needed for bone development

Question 20

What does thermoregulation do?

Answer 20

regulates heat exchange with the environment
increases or reduces blood flow close to the body’s surface
sweats in response to overheating

Question 21

What is nonverbal communication?

Answer 21

numerous small facial muscles that produce subtle and varied expressions

Question 22

What are some skin characteristics?

Answer 22

the bodys largest organ, most 1 to 2mm thick, and are classified as thin or thick

Question 23

How much does skin weigh?

Answer 23

15% of body weight

Question 24

Most skin is 1 to 2 mm thick

Answer 24

but can range from 0.5mm to 6mm

due mostly to variations in dermis

Question 25

how is skin classified?

Answer 25

thin or thick | based on epidermis thickness

Question 26

thick skin has?

Answer 26

``` epidermis 0.5mm thick covers palms, soles, surfaces of fingers and toes has sweat glands no hair follicles or sebaceous glands ```

Question 27

What is the thick skin of the epidermis?

Answer 27

it is a thick layer of dead cells, stratum corneum

Question 28

What are the areas subject to greatest mechanical stress?

Answer 28

palms, soles, surface of fingers and toes

Question 29

What does thin skin have?

Answer 29

``` epidermis 0.1 mm thick covers rest of body has hair follicles has sebaceous and sweat glands ```

Question 30

dermis layer

Answer 30

``` 0.2mm to 6 mm thick consist of mainly collagen has elastic and reticular fibers cells of fibrous connective tissue many blood vessels and nerve endings sweat and sebaceous glands hair or nails rooted here where skeletal muscles attach to the face ```

Question 31

boundary between the epidermis and dermis

Answer 31

``` upward waves, dermil papillae they are fingerlike extensions of dermis interlock with epidermis help resist slippage of epidermis gives skin more resistance to stress capillaries supplying bloodless epidermis ```

Question 32

hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue

Answer 32

underlies dermis looser connective tissue and more adipose tissue binds skin to muscles or other tissues pads body serves as an energy reservoir differs n thickness distribution between sexes

Question 33

Melanin

Answer 33

most significant factor in skin color produced by melanocytes transferred to keratinocytes greater quantities produced in dark skin

Question 34

melanin

Answer 34

screens ultraviolet radiation, freckles and moles

Question 35

Greater quantaties melanin produced in dark skin

Answer 35

more spread out, breaks down more slowly

Question 36

screens ultraviolet radiation

Answer 36

which can cause DNA damage and skin cancer

Question 37

in response to ultraviolet rays

Answer 37

accelerated production by melanocytes leads to tanning effect fades as melanin degraded in older keratinocytes

Question 38

freckles and moles

Answer 38

local concentrations of melanin

Question 39

other factors in skin color

Answer 39

hemoglobin red pigment of blood gives reddish hue to skin

Question 40

carotene

Answer 40

yellow pigment from egg yolks and vegetables concentrated in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat seen in skin with thickest stratum corneum