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Animal care > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main functions of a digestive system?

A

1- digestion

2- Absorption

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2
Q

What are ruminants?

A
  • ruminants has a multi- chambered stomach when they digest there food
  • for this multi- chambered system to work they reply on microorganisms
  • bacteria is the most common microorganisms found in theses stomach chamber.
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3
Q

what are the functions of the caecum in the herbivores?

A
  • in herbivores- like cows. the caecum stores the food materials where bacteria breaks down the cellulose
  • any food not digested by the chambers system will be broken down in the caecum so the nutrients can be released
  • the caecum is found in animals which eat plants
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4
Q

rodent teeth

A
  • rodent teeth are different from some other mammals.
  • rats have incisors and molars
  • rate incisors are highly specialised for growing
  • molars are used for grinding food
  • there teeth are opened roots which means they never stop growing unlike humans and other mammals they lose teeth.
  • they do not have canines instead they have a long space in their mouth where these teeth would normally be. this is called diastema
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5
Q

nutrientionsl deficiency

A

occurs when the body doesn’t abort or get from food the nesscessary amount of nutrients. deficiency can lead to varies of health problems

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6
Q

animal sense hearing

A

ears-

  • animals use there ears to detect if prey or predators are nearby
  • most animals ears are on the side of there head or on top- there’s a lot of different types
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7
Q

different type of ears in animals

A

birds:

  • their hearing structure is almost entirely internal (inside)
  • funnel shaped to focus sound
  • located slightly behind and below their eyes

land mammals:

  • land mammals have ears external (outside) to their body
  • ears can vary greatly depending on the animal

marine mammals:

  • marine mammals more commonly have ears “holes”
  • mammals that are fully adapted to water have very poor hearing out of the water
  • marine mammals that live in and out of the water e.g. polar bears, otters, seals and sea lions

hearing in pinniped ( sea lions, walrus):

  • the external wars are flaps are reduced or absent
  • muscles and cartilage along the ears canal close the ear off to water
  • inner ear is very similar to land mammals

hearing in cetaceans (whales, dolphins):

  • no external structure
  • no functional ear canal

fish:
-sound vibrations go though the fish body to their head

reptiles:
- internal so therefore nothing can been seen on the outside apart from a small opening

amphibian:
- internal structure
- their ear holes can be covered by membranes which protect the hearing structures inside

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8
Q

important organs in cardiovascular system

A
  • heart
  • lungs
  • veins
  • arteries
  • capillaries
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9
Q

circulatory system

A

pulmonary circulation:
is a loop from the heat to the lungs and back again.
systemic circulation:
carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again
pulmonary artery:
comes from the heart. it splits into two batches and brings blood from the heart to the lungs. at the lungs the blood picks up oxygen and drops of carbon dioxide. the blood then truths to the heart though pulmonary veins
aorta:
blood that reruns to the heart had picked up oxygen that can be fed to the body aorta is an artery that leaves the heart carrying deoxygenated (no oxygen) blood.
capillaries:
have thin walls though which the oxygen is delivered to the cells. capillaries lead to the veins which connects to the heart. two veins the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

pulmonary artery (blood)
             ॥
lungs (oxygen)
            ॥
pulmonary veins
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10
Q

what happens in the lungs

A
  • oxygen travels from the air sack (alveoli) though the walls of the capillaries into the blood
  • at the same time carbon dioxide enters the air sack of the lungs, this carbon dioxide then leaves the body when you exhale
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11
Q

blood can carry the following substance

A
  • nutrients
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • waste
  • hormones
  • heat
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12
Q

respiratory rate

A

is the number of breaths a person/animal can take per minute
— normal respiratory rate for a human is 12-16 breaths per minute

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13
Q

two main temperatures

A

-digital thermometer:
inserted into the animals ear
-recital thermometer:
inserted into the recital (ass)

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14
Q

reproduction in mammals

A

development of the foetus:
the egg becomes fertized which divides repeatedly which implanted into the wall of the uterus which then develops into a foetus

amniotic fluids:
surrounds and protects the developing embryos. the amniotic sac produces amniotic fluids

amniotic sac:
major role for growth and development, acts as a barrier to infections, maintain the body temperature, enables the foetus to move

placenta:
connects to the umbilical cord, develops from the embryo, waste materials and carbon dioxide to move from the embryo to the mother

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15
Q

artificial insemination

A

invoked manually collecting semen from the animals and the depositing it in the reproductive tract of the female
— why?
- cannot replace naturally
-collect amen from animals to impregnate females
-breading to create good characteristics
-make money

—pros

  • money
  • more babies
  • less stressful
  • healthier animals

—cons

  • costs lots of money
  • could hurt the animal
  • stressful to the animal - abnormal ways
  • illness to the equipment or though out the progress
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16
Q

when do dogs reach sexual maturity

A

-female dogs ready sexual maturity around 6 months however this is variable depending on the breed NOT the same for every animal

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17
Q

diagnosing pregnancy

A

abnormal palpation:
feeling the lower body of the animals to feel weather they are pregnant
ultrasound:
putting gel at the end of the tummy and moving it around

18
Q

nutrients

A

protein:
protein assists with GROWTH and REPAIR of the body
found in; meat, fish, cheese, milk, eggs, vegetables e.g. soya beans and nuts

carbohydrates:
carbohydrates are needed to give the body ENERGY
two main types:
1. starch : found in cereals, cornflour, potatoes, pasta and flour
2. sugar + plants : found in fruit, vegetables, honey, milk

fats AKS lipids
fats help to provide concentrated sources of ENERGY and to help to INSULATE the body in cold water
two main types:
saturated fats : are usually obtained from animals e.g. meat, bacon
unsaturated fats : comes from vegetables sources e.g. sunflower oil

calcium:
is needed for the growth of HEALTHY TEETH + BONES
found in : greens, live food

iron:
needed for the FORMATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS
found in red meat, green veg

vitamins:
vitamin A: needed for the good vision, healthy skin, growth found in veg
vitamin B: needed for release of energy from food, healthy skin, found in bread
vitamin B12: needed for red blood cells, found in meat
vitamin C: needed for healthy skin, protects cells, helps absorb iron, found in fruit and veg
vitamin D: needed to help absorb calcium, strong teeth and bones found in margarine

19
Q

blood vessels : artery blood

A 
ARTERY:
function: 
carry out blood away from the heart oxygenated blood expect for the pulmonary artery 
wall: 
thick, muscular 
lumen: 
small 
other features: 
thick muscular walls to withstand blood from following at high pressures as it leaves the heart. the largest artery in the aorta
20
Q

blood vessels : veins

A 
VEINS: 
function: carry blood towards the heart -usually deoxygenated blood expect from pulmonary veins) 
walls: 
thinner
lumen: 
large 
other features: 
contains valves to prevent back flow of blood
21
Q

blood vessels : capillary

A

CAPILLARY:
function:
allows diffusion of gases and nutrients from the blood into the body cell
wall:
very thin, one cell thick
lumen:
very small only allows blood to pass though one cell at a time
other features:
walls are made out of semi- permeable membranes told transport of gases and nutrients into and out of the body

22
Q

bearded dragon ears

A
  • round
  • small
  • internal structure
  • self protection
  • keeps sand/dirt from going it inside there ears
23
Q

sea lions ears

A
  • helps then drive underwater as they cover up their ear canal so water doesn’t come inside- they go flat to their head when they’re underwater or driving
  • protects their ear canal
24
Q

antelope ears

A
  • pointy ears
  • big relation to the body size
  • good at hearing their prey
  • the ears are curved so they can hear sounds
25
Q

lion ears

A
  • round ears
  • listen/finding prey
  • small compared to their body
  • the size are effective on the inside as they are but so they are good to catching the sound to the prey
26
Q

baboon ears

A
  • small compared to the body
  • human alike
  • flat to the head
  • can hear calls
27
Q

function of the male reproductive system

A

testicles:
glandular organs that produce sperm cells and testosterone
scotum:
pouch of skin containing testicles
epidymis:
duct behind the testes, sperm uses this to pass to the vas deference
van deference:
used to pass sperm to the ejaculatory ducts
urethra:
carries urine or semen
accessory glands:
collectively the vesicles, prostate glands and bulbourethral glands
penis:
allow urine and semen to leave the body
sigmoid flexure:
S shaped curvature of the penis when retracted in the body during copulation this structure disappears when the penis straightens
sheath:
a fold of skin covering the penis in male mammals

28
Q

function of the female reproductive systems

A

ovaries:
where the eggs are produced
uterus:
muscular structure where eggs implanted and grows
cervix:
muscular barrier to seal the uterus protects from infection
vagina:
shaped to fit the penis during mating produces mucus to prevent infection, allow urine to leave the body
vulva:
external part of the female reproductive system swells in some animals she in heat

29
Q

function of lungs

A

trachea:
- a tube that allows the passage of air
- it is present in almost all air breathing animals with lungs

bronchi + bronchiole:

  • extensions of windpipe that transport air to and from the lungs
  • oxygen travels to the lungs using bronchi and carbon dioxide leave the lungs though them
  • the bronchiole are smaller branches structured of the bronchi

larynx:
- the larynx houses the vocal cords and manipulates pitch and volume

pleura:
- helps the lungs to breathe also contains fluid which acts a lubricant

alveoli:
- is the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs
- small sacks of the respiratory system

bronchus:
- is to carry air from the trachea into the lungs

30
Q

dog senses

A

eyes:
- helps to see and catch prey

whiskers:
- to smear vibrations
- to detect ant stimuli in their environment

nose:
- smelling
- breathing

tongue:
- chewing + swallowing food
- making sounds
- grooming

skin:
- protects the inside and allowed to release stress

fur:
- helps fo keep them warm
- protects the skin + tissues

ears:
-helps to sense when prey is near

31
Q

birds eye

A

birds are diurnal
they are designed for visual accuracy. eyes are often at the side of the head so they have a wider visual field this is useful to detect prey

32
Q

birds: feathers

A

three main types

primary:
the largest of the flight feathers. help the bird fly though the air. around 10 feathers. if one get damaged or lost the bird cannot fly

secondary:
sustains the bird in fur air when flying. the number of wings varies depending on the species of bird if one get damage or lost they still be able to fly

downy:
fine layer or feathers. provides insulation. younger birds are covered in them

33
Q

birds: toes, hind limbs, claws

A

toes/hind limbs:
birds walk on their toes rather then the foot this is occurred to support walking on only their hind limbs they have 4 toes. 3 facing forwards. 1 facing backwards

claws:
helps to catch the prey and defend themselves. most birds wouldn’t be able to catch prey without using claws

34
Q

why do birds have different types of beaks

A

adaptation
-catching prey
bigger the bird the rounder the beak so they can catch small mammals but smaller the beak they will catch insects

35
Q

why do animals have different noses

A

they use sense of smell for catching prey and avoid predators

males have bigger nose as they are more attractive to females : monkey

magnetic field : the homing pigeon

protection from other animals

36
Q

why do animals have whiskers

A

sense of the environment to see if it’s safe or not

helps to catch prey

helps to keep them alive

37
Q

why do animals have different tongues

A

adapting to eating different types of food

38
Q

pseudo ruminant

A
  • can digest large amounts of roughage (plant matter)
  • don’t have a multi chambered system e.g. horse
  • they use large intestine and caecum in order to digest
39
Q

coprophagy

A
  • eating their own faeces - natural instincts e.g. dogs

- provides nutrients for rabbits and guinea pigs

40
Q

chocolate toxicity for dogs

A

-chocolate contains a chemical that dogs cannot have
-this chemical can have various effects on the dogs
— increase heart rate
— vomiting
— increase thirst
—panting
— urination increased

41
Q

arteries are part of the of the cardiovascular system of many animals, what are the features of the arteries

A
  • thick
  • muscular
  • small lumen
42
Q

artificial insemination

A

AI:
involves manually collecting semen from an animal and depositing it in the reproductive tract of the female
—why?
-cannot replace naturally
-breeding to create good characteristics
—pros:
- more babies
- less stressful for the female
-more desirable animals/ healthy animals
—cons:
-hurt the animal
-illness to the equipment or thought out the progress
-could end up killing the mother

Animal care (1 decks)

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