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BMAT Additional Content > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogen?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
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2
Q

Where is glycogen mostly stored?

A
  • The liver

- The muscles

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3
Q

What is pepsin and where is it found?

A

Protease in the stomach.

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4
Q

What enzyme is used to break down starch?

A

Amylase

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5
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

1) Salivary glands
2) Pancreas
3) Small intestine

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6
Q

What is starch broken down into by amylase?

A

Sugars, such as maltose.

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7
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

1) Stomach
2) Pancreas
3) Small intestine

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8
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

1) Pancreas

2) Small intestine

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9
Q

What is a blood clot?

A

A mesh of protein fibres (fibrin fibres) that plugs a damaged area and stops bleeding.

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10
Q

What are the risks of excessive blood clotting?

A

1) Stroke

2) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

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11
Q

What drugs can be taken to reduce the risk of excessive blood clotting?

A
  • Warfarin
  • Heparin
  • Aspirin
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12
Q

What is the name for a condition where the blood does not clot easily?

A

Haemophilia

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13
Q

What causes haemophilia?

A

The body can’t produce a certain clotting factor.

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14
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

It increases the heart rate, so that muscles get sufficient oxygen supplied to them.

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15
Q

What is a pacemaker and how does it work?

A
  • A group of cells that tells the heart how fast to beat.

* Cells produce a small electrical current that spreads to surrounding cells, causing them to contract.

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16
Q

What are the two pacemaker groups in the heart?

A

1) SAN - Sino-atrial node

2) AVN - Atrio-ventricular node

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17
Q

What does the sino-atrial node (SAN) do?

A

Stimulates the atria to contract.

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18
Q

What does the atrio-ventricular node (AVN) do?

A

Stimulates the ventricles to contract.

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19
Q

Describe in detail how the heart’s pacemakers work.

A

1) The sino-atrial node (SAN) produces an electric current that spreads to the atria.
2) This current stimulates the atrio-ventricular node (AVN) to produce a current that causes the ventricles to contract.
3) This means that the atria always contract before the ventricles.

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20
Q

What do ECGs record?

A

The electrical activity of the heart.

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21
Q

What can ECGs be used to show?

A
  • Heart attacks
  • Irregular heartbeats
  • General health of the heart
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22
Q

Describe the shape of a normal ECG heartbeat.

A
  • Flat
  • Small curved bump upwards (atria contraction)
  • Flat
  • Small, sharp downwards peak followed by a large, sharp upwards peak, then tiny sharp downwards peak (ventricle contraction)
  • Flat
  • Small curves bump again upwards (ventricle relaxation)
  • Flat

(See diagram)

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23
Q

Practice drawing out the shape of a normal ECG.

A

See diagram.

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24
Q

Describe the ECG for ventricular fibrillation.

A

Small, sharp squiggly fluctuations (as ventricles contract erratically).

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25
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

When the heart quivers instead of pumping, due to disorganised electrical activity.

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26
Q

Describe the shape of the ECG for a heart attack.

A
  • Flat
  • Small upwards bump
  • Flat
  • Small, sharp downwards peak followed by a large, sharp upwards peak -> On the way down this is bulging outwards rather than a sharp downwards line
  • Flat
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27
Q

What is an echocardiogram?

A

An ultrasound scan of the heart.

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28
Q

What can an echocardiogram be used to show?

A
  • An enlarged heart
  • Decreased pumping ability
  • Valve function (tears, infection and scarring)
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29
Q

What could an enlarged heart indicate?

A

Heart failure

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30
Q

What could decreased pumping ability of the heart indicate?

A

Cardiomyopathy

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31
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A nerve cell.

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32
Q

What are the parts of a neurone?

A
  • Long axon
  • Fatty sheath around axon
  • Dendrites
  • Cell body
33
Q

What is an axon?

A
  • Long section of cytoplasm in a neurone

* TRANSMITS the impulse (to next dendrite)

34
Q

Why does the axon usually have a fatty sheath around it?

A
  • Allows the signal to be transmitted quickly

* Acts as an insulator, shielding the neurone from neighbouring cells

35
Q

What is a dendrite?

A
  • Branched ending of a neurone

* PICKS UP impulses from other cells (their axons)

36
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A

1) Sensory
2) Relay
3) Motor

37
Q

Describe the structure and function of a sensory neurone.

A
  • One long dendrite carries nerve impulse from receptor cells to cell body
  • One short axon carries the signal to the axon terminal, which takes it to the CNS

(See diagram pg 41)

38
Q

Describe the structure and function of a relay neurone.

A
  • Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the sensory neurones to the cell body
  • Many short axons carry nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurones

(See diagram pg 41)

39
Q

Describe the structure and function of a motor neurone.

A
  • Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body
  • One long axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to effector cells.

(See diagram pg 41)

40
Q

What is the difference between axons and dendrites?

A
  • Dendrites - Carry signal to cell body

* Axons - Carry signal away from cell body

41
Q

How many axons and dendrites does a sensory neurone have?

A
  • Axons - One short one

* Dendrites - One long one

42
Q

How many axons and dendrites does a relay neurone have?

A
  • Axons - Many short ones

* Dendrites - Many short ones

43
Q

How many axons and dendrites does a motor neurone have?

A
  • Axons - One long one

* Dendrites - Many short ones

44
Q

How does ecstasy work?

A
  • It blocks sites in the brain’s synapses where where the transmitter chemical serotonin is removed
  • Since serotonin can’t be removed, its concentration increases
  • So the mood of the person is enhanced
45
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells.

46
Q

Compare nerves and hormones.

A 
NERVES:
• Fast action
• Act for a short time
• Act on a precise area
HORMONES:
• Slow action
• Act for prolonged time
• Act in general way
47
Q

Remember to revise negative feedback.

A

Pg 45

48
Q

What is the processing centre for body temperature?

A

The thermoregulatory centre (hypothalamus).

49
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for body temperature control?

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

Remember to revise temperature control.

A

Pg 46

51
Q

What are the 3 roles of the kidneys?

A

1) Removal of urea
2) Adjustment of ions
3) Adjustment of water content

52
Q

What things can affect the production of ADH?

A

1) Alcohol

2) Ecstasy

53
Q

How does alcohol affect the amount of urine produced?

A

Alcohol supresses ADH production, which means less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys. This leads to a larger volume of more dilute urine.

54
Q

How does ecstasy affect urine and how?

A
  • It stimulates the production of ADH
  • So more water is reabsorbed by the kidneys
  • And so there is less urine and it is more concentrated
55
Q

How does alcohol affect urine and how?

A
  • It suppresses the production of ADH
  • So less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys
  • And so there is more urine and it is more dilute
56
Q

How does ecstasy affect urine and how?

A
  • It stimulates the production of ADH
  • So more water is reabsorbed by the kidneys
  • And so there is less urine and it is more concentrated
57
Q

What are some concerns surrounding gene therapy?

A
  • Could cause unexpected changes, which would be inherited by future generations
  • Could lead to the creation of ‘designer babies’
58
Q

What are the two methods of gene therapy?

A

1) Changing the genes in the body cells

2) Changing the genes in the gametes

59
Q

Why can’t nitrogen from the atmosphere be used by plants and animals directly?

A

It is very reactive.

60
Q

What is nitrogen needed for by plants and animals?

A

Making proteins for growth.

61
Q

Why can’t nitrogen from the atmosphere be used by plants and bacteria directly?

A

It is very reactive.

62
Q

What are the 4 stages of the nitrogen cycle?

A

1) Nitrogen fixation
2) Decomposition
3) Nitrification
4) Denitrification

63
Q

How does nitrogen from the atmosphere get taken up by plants and animals?

A
  • It must be in the form of nitrogen compounds (e.g. nitrates).
  • Plants absorb nitrates from the soil.
  • Animals can only take in nitrogen by consuming other organisms.
64
Q

What are the 4 stages of the nitrogen cycle?

A

1) Nitrogen fixation
2) Decomposition
3) Nitrification
4) Denitrification

65
Q

What is the nitrogen fixation stage of the nitrogen cycle?

A

The process by which nitrogen in the soil is converted to nitrogen compounds in the soil.

66
Q

What are the two types of nitrogen fixation?

A

1) Lightning -> Energy in a lightning bolt is sufficient to make nitrogen react with oxygen in the air
2) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria -> Convert nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds

67
Q

Where are nitrogen-fixing bacteria found?

A
  • Soil

* Nodules on roots of legumes

68
Q

What are the two parts of the nitrification stage of the nitrogen cycle?

A

1) Ammonium compounds -> Nitrites

2) Nitrites -> Nitrates

69
Q

What is the nitrification stage of the nitrogen cycle?

A

The process by which nitrifying bacteria in the soil turn ammonium compounds into compounds that can be absorbed by plants.

70
Q

What are the two parts of the nitrification stage of the nitrogen cycle?

A

1) Ammonium compounds -> Nitrites

2) Nitrites -> Nitrates

71
Q

What type of bacteria are involved in the denitrification stage of the nitrogen cycle and how does this work?

A
  • Denitrifying bacteria
  • These use nitrates in the soil in respiration (which produces nitrogen gas).
  • This can only happen in anaerobic conditions.
72
Q

When can denitrification happen?

A

In anaerobic conditions, e.g. waterlogged soil.

73
Q

What type of bacteria are involved in the denitrification stage of the nitrogen cycle and how does this work?

A
  • Denitrifying bacteria
  • These use nitrates in the soil in respiration (which produces nitrogen gas).
  • This can only happen in anaerobic conditions.
74
Q

Remember to revise the nitrogen cycle.

A

Pg 77 and 78.

75
Q

What are the 4 types of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle?

A

1) Nitrifying bacteria
2) Denitrifying bacteria
3) Decomposer bacteria
4) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

76
Q

Remember to revise the nitrogen cycle.

A

Pg 77.

77
Q

What are the 4 types of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle?

A

1) Nitrifying bacteria
2) Denitrifying bacteria
3) Decomposer bacteria
4) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

78
Q

Give an example of mutualistic bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide the plant with nitrogen compounds and in return get carbohydrates.

BMAT Additional Content (5 decks)

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