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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Unicellular organisms

A
  • Function independently

- able to perform life functions

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2
Q

Multicellular Organisms

A
  • may perform specific functions
  • can work together
  • cells become dependent on one another
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3
Q

What are the levels of Organization

A 
AOCTOOPCEBB
Atoms and molecules 
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Population
Community
Ecosystem 
Biomes 
Biosphere
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4
Q

Characteristics of living things

A 
NRMEGSRO
Nutrition
Respiration
Movement
Excretion
Growth
Sensitivity 
Reproduction
Order\organization
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5
Q

Simple one celled organisms

A

Perform all the characteristics in ONE CELL

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6
Q

Complex multicellular organisms

A

Have specialised organisms that are specialised so they can perform particular tasks

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7
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

Lower energy barriers to speed up metabolic reactions

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8
Q

Catalysts

A

Increase the rate of reaction

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9
Q

What is an enzyme substrate complex?

A

Enzyme + Substrates (molecules they act upon)

Results in products but the enzyme remains unchanged

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10
Q

Anabolic

A

Build up larger molecules

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11
Q

Catabolic

A

Break down large molecules into smaller molecules

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12
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self feeders
Can sustain themselves without eating anything from living rings
Produce organic molecules

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13
Q

Autotrophic eukaryotes undergo photosynthesis in the..

A

Chloroplast

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14
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Absorbs red, violet, blue but reflects green light

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15
Q

Light reaction

A 
Occurs in the thylakoids
Split h2o = o2
NADP - NADPH
ADP-ATP (through photophosphorylation)
Light energy captured
Water is oxidized into oxygen
ATP & NADPH2 =storage for energy
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16
Q

Calvin cycle

A

In the stroma
Temperature dependent
ATP + NADPH + CO2 = sugar
Begins with carbon fixation

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17
Q

Cellular Respiration/ Aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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18
Q

Glycolysis

A

o2 can be present or not
Glucose - pyruvate (2 molecules)
Pyruvate - Acetyl coA

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19
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Completes the break down of pyruvate to co2
Organic fuel from pyruvate- 1 atp , 3 NADPH and 1 Fadh 2
Electrons from NADH & FADH2 - relay electrons to the ETC

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20
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

NADH & FADH2 - energy from food
Electron carriers donate electrons to etc causes proteins to pump H+ to the intermembrane space
Powers the ATP synthesis
in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion aka cristae
Passes through the proton ATP synthase

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

Organism maintains the constant internal conditions

  • Cell and molecular physiology
  • system/organ physiology
  • organism/ecological physiology
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22
Q

Active and Passive Transport

A

PASSIVE
Diffusion
Osmosis

ACTIVE
Endocytosis
ATPase pump

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23
Q

Passive transport

A

Higher concentration to lower concentration

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24
Q

Active transport

A

Against the concentration gradient

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25
System/organ physiology
Endocrine Thermoregulation Chemical regulation
26
Thermoregulation
Skeletal muscles shiver to produce heat | Sweating = cools the body *through evaporation*
27
Chemical Regulation
Pancreas - insulin and glucagon = control blood sugar concentration Lungs- take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide Kidney -remove urea to adjust concentrations of water
28
Feedback system
Body’s condition is continually monitored and adjusted to keep the condition
29
Types of feedback systems
``` SRIAOER Stimulus Receptor Input Afferent pathway Output Efferent pathway Response ```
30
Stimulus
Produces a change
31
Receptor
Detects the change and responds
32
Input
Info travels through the afferent pathway
33
Afferent pathway
Nerve impulses to central nervous system
34
Output
Info from the control center to efferent pathway
35
Efferent pathway
Nerve impulses AWAY from the central nervous system
36
Response
From the effector balances out the original stimulus
37
Negative feedback system
Reverse changes in a controlled situation
38
Positive feedback system
Increase changes | Control infrequent conditions
39
Cellular biology
Understanding the functions of cells
40
Important terms to remember for cellular biology
- composed of one or more cells - basic unit of structure and function - cells come from previously existing cells - continuity of life is based on heritable information
41
Cells
Bounded by a plasma membrane
42
Prokaryotic cells
Lack nuclei and other membrane bound organelles
43
Eukaryotic cells
Compartmentalise cellular functions Have internal membranes Membrane enclosed organelles (nucleus)
44
Only in animal cells
Lysosomes Centrioles Flagella
45
Only in plant cells
Chloroplast Large central vacuole Cell wall
46
Nucleus
Control center of the cell | Contains DNA
47
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
48
Parts of the nucleus
Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasm Nucleoli Chromatin
49
Nuclear membrane
Encloses the nucleoplasm
50
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoli and chromatin are suspended
51
Nucleoli
Ribosomes are assembled
52
Chromatin
Loose network of DNA and proteins
53
Plasma membrane
Selectively permeable membrane -to regulate the chemical composition Cell organelles Bilateral phospholipids
54
Parts of the plasma membrane
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
55
Tight junctions
Impermeable junctions
56
Desmosomes
Keeps the cell in place
57
Gap junctions
Communication junctions | Selectively allows materials to pass through
58
Cytoplasm
Outside the nucleus inside the plasma membrane
59
Parts of the cytoplasm
Cytosol Inclusions Organelles
60
Cytosol
Fluid where organelles are suspended
61
Inclusions
Non functioning units
62
Organelles
Metabolic machinery

Science CETs (2 decks)

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