Biology Flashcards
What’s the function of a sperm cell
Head contains genetic info and enzymes to help penetrate the egg. Carries haemoglobin to carry oxygen
How is the sperm cell adapted to its function
Thin and small.
Small tail helps it swim.
And contains mitochondria for energy
What’s the function of a nerve cell
Transmit electrical impulses
How is a Nerve cell adapted to its function
Long so can communicate with many parts of the body
What’s the function of a muscle cell
To produce force and motion
How is the muscle cell adapted to its function
Contains protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past each other= contraction
What’s the function of a root hair cell
To absorb water from the soul by osmosis
How is the root hair cell adapted to its function
Large surface area to absorb water quickly
Function of the xylem
Transporta water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots throughout the plant. Also to replace water after transpiration
Function of the phloem
To transport food substances( mainly dissolved sugars)
What’s cell differentiation
When a less specialised cell becomes more specialised for its job
What do light microscopes use to form an image
Light and lenses
What do light microscopes do
Let us see individual cells and structures ( nuclei)
What do electron microscopes use to form an image
Electrons
What’s an advantage electron microscopes have over light microscopes
Electron microscopes have a higher magnification than light microscopes
What’s the nucleus
Contains genetic material
Whats the cytoplasm
Where most chemical reactions occur
What’s mitochondria
Where most energy is released from aerobic respiration
What’s the cell membrane
It holds the cell together. Controls what goes in and out
What are ribosomes
Where proteins are made
How many chromosomes does the nucleus store
23 PAIRS
How many chromosomes do gametes have
23 SINGLE CHROMOSOMES
What’s a stem cell
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells. They can differentiate into different types of cells. Depending on the instructions
Where can stem cells be found
Found in certain places like bone marrow
What’s diffusion
Spreading out of particles from a higher to a lower area of concentration
What does a bigger concentration gradient mean
Faster diffusion rate
What does a bigger surface area= in terms of diffusion
Faster rate of diffusion
In terms of diffusion what does a higher temp do
= faster rate of diffusion
•because particles have more energy to move
What does oxygen do with cells
Oxygen diffuses into the cells for aerobic respiration. = release of carbon dioxide which diffuses out the cell to a lower conc of carbon dioxide
What’s the definition of osmosis
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to a lower concentration
What’s the effect of osmosis on a cell
Causes it to swell and expand= turgid
Unlike an animal which would burst. This is because a strong cell wall
What’s active transport
Where substances are absorbed against a concentration gradient.
FROM A LOWER TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION
What’s a cell
A basic building block that makes up all living organisms
What’s a tissue
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
What’s an organ
Is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
What’s an organ system
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function
Types of tissues in the digestive system and their function
- MUSCULAR TISSUE = to churn food and other contents in the stomach.
- GLANDULAR TISSUE= to produce digestive juices, including acid and enzymes.
- EPITHELIAL TISSUE= to cover the inner and outer surface of the stomach
Order of the digestive system
- oesophagus
- liver
- stomach
- pancreas
- small/large intestine
What enzymes does the salivary gland produce
The carbohydrase of
AMYLASE
What enzyme does the pancreas produce
PROTEASE, AMYLASE and LIPASE
What enzyme does the stomach produce
Protease
What enzyme does the small intestine produce
PROTEASE, AMYLASE, and LIPASE
What do carbohydrases do
Converts carbohydrates into simple sugars
What does protease do
Converts proteins into amino acids
What does lipase’s do
Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
