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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Coccid

A

Sphere-shaped

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2
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped

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3
Q

Spirillum

A

spiral-shaped

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4
Q

“Staphylo”

A

occurs in clusters

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5
Q

Strepto

A

occurs in chains

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6
Q

Binary Fission

A

Simplified form of mitosis (no nucleus) just copy DNA, stretch out, and divide
-Fast method of reproduction can make new generation in twenty minutes
Rate depends on environment (food supply, warm temperature, moisture)

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7
Q

Endospore

A

hick, a protective layer formed around the genetic material to protect it in the unfavorable environment until conditions improve
Must use very high temperatures to kill endospores and sterilize food
Methods of getting food depends on species

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8
Q

Autotrophs-

A

makes their own food (photosynthesis)

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9
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Use chemicals (nitrogen, sulfur)

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10
Q

Heterotrophs-

A

eat other organisms

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11
Q

Predatory

A

eat other organisms by killing them

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12
Q

Parasites

A

feed off living organisms

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13
Q

What is the biggest difference between Algae and a plant?

A

Adaptation to life on land

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14
Q

What is the only phylum of nonvascular plants?

A

Mosses/Bryophytes

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15
Q

One resource we use plants for?

A

Agriculture, lumber, medicine, fossil fuels

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16
Q

What is one adaptation plants made to their shoots in order to survive on land?

A

Roots

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17
Q

Which vascular tissue carries up water from the roots of a plant?

A

Xylem

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18
Q

What part of the flower produces the pollen/sperm?

A

anthers

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19
Q

What type of phylum do fungi like mushrooms belong in?

A

Club fungus

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20
Q

What benefit do fungi have for other organisms?

A

They are decomposers

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21
Q

What benefit do fungi have for other organisms?

A

They are decomposers, food

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22
Q

Bacteria is reproduced through the process called?

A

Binary Fission

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23
Q

What domain of organism is known for having no nucleus and can survive in harsh environments?

A

Prokaryotes

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24
Q

A protist that obtains nutrients by photosynthesis is in what phylum?

A

Plant-like

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25
Q

A poison that is released from the cells of pathogenic bacteria that causes illnesses

A

Endotoxin

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26
Q

Which method of gaining nutrients is unique to bacteria/prokaryotes?

A

can break down chemical compounds

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27
Q

What characteristic is unique to slime molds?

A

They form a multicellular reproductive structure

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28
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

By injecting its genetic material into the Host’s DNA

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29
Q

Protozoans move by crawling pseudopods called

A

Amoebas

30
Q

What would a streptococcus colony look like? (Cell and colony shape)

A

It would occur in chains and the cells would be sphere shaped.

31
Q

The_is a protective layer bacteria form around their DNA to survive dangerous environmental conditions

A

Endospore

32
Q

Tissues

A

organisms with no true tissues are sponges, all others have true tissues

33
Q

Symmetry

A

lines that create identical halves of the body

34
Q

Bilateral

A

one line of symmetry (mouth to anus)

35
Q

Radial

A

multiple lines of symmetry (circular shape)

36
Q

Sac-like

A

only one opening to the digestive cavity(mouth)

37
Q

Tube-within-a-tube

A

two openings to a digestive cavity (mouth and anus)

38
Q

Invertebrates

A

animals without backbones (95 percent of animals)

39
Q

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

A

no true tissues, unstructured cells, asymmetrical, filter feeders, no nerves or muscles, stationary

40
Q

Jellyfish Phylum Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish, corals, hydras, sea anemones

Radial symmetry

Tissue level organization (no organs)

Sac body plan (one opening – mouth)

Polyp and medusa forms

Stinging cells in tentacles to catch prey

41
Q

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

Bilateral symmetry, sac-like body plan

Organ level organization

Some free-living (planarians), others parasitic (flukes, tapeworms)

Eggs sit on grass, eaten by herbivore which becomes host to larvae, carnivores eat the meat containing larvae, adult worms live in intestines of carnivore, absorbing nutrients from food eaten

42
Q

Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)

A

Bilateral symmetry (round body tapers at both ends)

Tube-within-a-tube body plan

Organ level organization

Some free-living decomposers in soil

Some parasites (ascaris, pinworms, hookworms)

Larva and adults use same host (larva in lungs, adults in intestines)

43
Q

Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca)

A

Soft-bodied animals in a hard shell

Bilateral symmetry, organ level organization

Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle that produces shell, radula (on some) for eating

44
Q

Gastropods

A

snails and slugs, spiral shell, move on slime-producing foot, head with eyestalks

45
Q

Bivalves

A

clams and oysters, hinged shell in two halves, no radula, sedentary, use foot to dig

46
Q

Cephalopods

A

octopi and squid, predatory, use tentacles for fast movement, have beak and well-developed eyes, internal shell, large brains

47
Q

Annelids (Phylum Annelida)

A

Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches)

Bilateral symmetry, tube-within-a-tube body plan

Mouth, crop, gizzard, intestines, anus

Body divided into repeated parts called segments

Closed circulatory system

Decomposers and parasites (leeches)

48
Q

Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

A

Bilateral symmetry, tube-within-a-tube body plan

Organ level organization

Jointed exoskeleton (head, thorax, and abdomen)

49
Q

Arachnids

A

eight legs, spiders, scorpions

50
Q

Insects

A

six legs, 2 or 4 wings

51
Q

Centipedes and millipedes

A

more than 8 legs

52
Q

Crustacean

A

aquatic, cephalothorax, crabs, lobster, shrimp, pill bugs (moist soil)

53
Q

Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)

A

Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

Radial symmetry, tube-within-a-tube body plan

Organ level organization

Endoskeleton (hard plates below skin) and spines

Water vascular system – water flows through body to provide oxygen and remove waste

Move with tube feet

54
Q

Vertebrates

A

Animals that have a backbone and a cranium (skull)

Bilateral, organ level, tube-within-a-tube

55
Q

Chordates (Phylum Chordata)

A

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (spinal cord)

Notochord (flexible rod between digestive tract and nerve cord, becomes cartilage disks in adults)

Pharyngeal slits (grooves in the pharynx)

Post-anal tail

Not all are seen in adults, but all are present in embryos

Body segmentation (seen in muscles, especially abs)

56
Q

Tunicates and Lancelets (sub-phylums)

A

No bones around spinal cord

No cranium

All others are true vertebrates (have bones)

57
Q

Jawless fishes (lampreys, hagfish

A

no hinged jaws in mouth, scavengers or parasites, hagfish have no bones, lampreys do

58
Q

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays)

A

skeleton is made of cartilage, fast swimmers, lateral line organs detect prey

59
Q

Bony fishes

A

skeleton made of bone

60
Q

Ray-finned

A

fins supported by flexible rays

61
Q

Lobe-finned

A

muscular fins similar to legs

62
Q

Amphibians

A

Spend first part of life in water with gills (tadpole), then live on land as adults with lungs

Breathe through moist skin

Frogs, toads, salamanders

First vertebrates to colonize land

63
Q

Reptiles

A

Land-dwelling, air-breathing

First to adapt to live entire life on land

Lay amniotic egg (fluid-filled egg with shell)

Scaly waterproof skin

Divided now into two groups:

Cold-blooded reptiles – majority of reptiles

Warm-blooded reptiles – dinosaurs and birds

64
Q

Mammals

A

Endotherms, furred, produce milk for young

65
Q

Monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals, secrete milk onto fur

66
Q

Marsupials

A

babies born early, then mature in pouch attached to nipple

67
Q

Eutherians (placental mammals)

A

carry young inside womb with placenta until mature enough to live outside body

68
Q

Hominins

A

bipedal, human relatives

69
Q

Australopithecus

A

first bipedal

hominin, lived in grasslands

instead of forests

70
Q

Homo habilis

A

Handy man”, first hominin to develop tools, true hunters

71
Q

Homo erectus

A

first hominin to leave Africa, made fires, clothes, stone tools

72
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Africa (Ethiopia), originated between 160,000 and 200,000 years ago, second migration out of Africa happened about 50,000 years ago, spread and diversified

More slender build, no heavy brow ridge, same as modern humans

First species known to show culture (passing on knowledge, beliefs, customs, and art over generations, usually through language), cave art dates back 30,000 years, agriculture 15,000 years

Biology non-science majors (1 decks)

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