biology 6

Question 1

what should a balanced diet include

Answer 1

half-vegetables/fruit
quarter- carbohydrates
quarter- protein

Question 2

carbohydrates

Answer 2

for energy release in respiration or storage as glycogen

Question 3

proteins

Answer 3

growth and repair of cells

Question 4

lipids

Answer 4

for energy stores , insukatio, growth and repair

Question 5

fibre

Answer 5

to help food move through the digestive tract

Question 6

vitamin c

Answer 6

-helps to protect cells and keeping them healthy
-maintaining healthy skin,blood vessels, bones and cartilage
-helping with wound healing
-cannot be stored in body so you it in your diet everyday
-lack of vitamin c= scurvy

Question 7

vitamin d

Answer 7

-needed to keep bones, teeth and muscles healthy
-the body creates vitamin d from direct sunlight on the skin when outdoors
-vitamin d is also found in a small number of foods
lack of vitamin d= rickets

Question 8

calcium

Answer 8

helping build bones and keep teeth and muscles healthy
-regulating muscle contractions, including your heart beat
-making sure blood clots normally
-calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis

Question 9

iron

Answer 9

-important for making hemoglobin a compound in red blood cells which carries oxygen around the body
-iron deficiency can lead to/suffer anaemia

Question 10

water

Answer 10

Vital solvent in the body. Other substances can dissolve in the water, where they are transported around the body, and can diffuse in and out of cells and the bloodstream.

Question 11

factors which affect your dietary needs

Answer 11

-age-young/growing : increased protein synthesis,metabolic reaction
-proportion of muscle fat: more muscle and activity leads to increased respiratory rate,digestion and synthesis of molecules
-activity level
-genetic traits:may lack specific enzymes
-biological sex: hormone levels differ
-being pregnant or breastfeeding: your intake also has to provide for the baby. extra calcium and iron needed

Question 12

malnutrition

Answer 12

mal=bad any imbalanced diet, which could include too much or not enough of any particular part

Question 13

alimentary canal

Answer 13

• a muscular tube
  -runs through the body
• from mouth to anus

Question 14

organs (the digestive system)

Answer 14

mouth,salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver,gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine ,large intestines,rectum,anus

Question 15

mouth

Answer 15

food is chewed up by teeth here and swalled

Question 16

salivary glands

Answer 16

produces saliva which contains the enzyme amylase

Question 17

oesophagus

Answer 17

tube that connects mouth to the stomach

Question 18

stomach

Answer 18

this organ contains protease enzyme and also hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

Question 19

liver

Answer 19

this organ produces bile which is used to break down large fat globules into smaller molecules

Question 20

gall bladder

Answer 20

this organ store bile

Question 21

pancreas

Answer 21

this organ produces carbohydrase,lipase, and protease enzymes and releases them into the small intestines

Question 22

small intestines

Answer 22

this is where absoption of the food molecules take place

Question 23

large intestines

Answer 23

water from the waste food is absorbed here

Question 24

rectum

Answer 24

where faeces is stored

Question 25

anus

Answer 25

faces leaves the body here

Question 26

ingestion

Answer 26

taking substances eg,food and drink, into the body through the mouth

Question 27

digestion

Answer 27

breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water soluble molecules using physical and chemical processes

Question 28

absorption

Answer 28

movement of small food molecules and ions through the
wall of the intestine into the blood.

Question 29

assimilation

Answer 29

uptake and use of nutrients by cells

Question 30

egestion

Answer 30

the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed,
as faeces, through the anus

Question 31

where is amylase,hydrochloric acid,pepsin,lipase,glycogen

Answer 31

amylase-mouth/saliva
hydrochloric acid-in the stomach
pepsin- in the stomach
lipase-small intestine
glycogen-liver

Question 32

purpose of digestion

Answer 32

to break down food into small water soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 33

compare and contrast chemical and physical digestion

Answer 33

Chemical - reactions sped up by enzymes, happens throughout digestive system, creates small molecules
Physical - movement of teeth and organs, breaks food down to large chunks and molecules.

Question 34

increase rate of absorption

Answer 34

Large surface area (folds, wrinkles, uneven surface)
A semi-permeable membrane (will let some substances pass through but not others)
Thin boundary layers (thinner materials take less time for substances to pass through them)
In living organisms: A good blood supply Helps speed up rate of diffusion by keeping a large concentration gradient

Question 35

small intestine adaptation

Answer 35

the inside of your small intestine contains millions of villi. villi INCREASE THE OVERALL SURFACE AREA of the small intestine, thus increasing the volume of substances which can be absorbed
This is also where absorption of food molecules into the blood stream takes place. sugars,amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, other minerals and nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

Question 36

villi

Answer 36

very GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY as each contains a capillary, which leads to the main blood supply, so when substances diffuse, they can go straight to the bloodstream.
Attached to each villus are thousands and thousands of MICROVILLI.
These look the same as the villi, except a lot smaller.

Question 37

Parts that make up the small intestine

Answer 37

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 38

By the time food reaches your large intestine what is left of it

Answer 38

fibre water waste products and anything you couldn’t digest or absorb earlier. The water is absorbed to be used in the body and the rest is compacted to be disposed of.

Question 39

Enzymes in the stomach

Answer 39

has gastric pits which secrete gastric fluid. gastric fluid contains: hydrochloric acid-creates the optimum conditions for pepsin and kills disease
pepsin-the enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acids

Question 40

Optimum ph for pepsin,amylase Pancreas

Answer 40

pepsin- ph 2
amylase-ph 7
Amylase, protease and lipase pH8

Question 41

Function of the bile

Answer 41

bile emulsifies lipids and breaks it down into smaller molecules. This increases the surface area for the enzyme lipase to act.

Question 42

pancreatic juices

Answer 42

thick colourless, very alkaline fluid secreted by the pancreas containing enzymes that break down proteins lipids and carbohydrates

Question 43

Where the bile and where is it stored

Answer 43

made in the liver ,stored in the gall bladder

Question 44

what else does the gall bladder do

Answer 44

netralisethe chyme from the stomach to allow other enzymes to work

Question 45

why cant fibre be absorbed into the blood stream

Answer 45

the particles are too large to cross the cell membrane