Biology

Question 1

Cell Doctrine

Answer 1

Schleiden & Schwann. All living things are made up of cells and the products formed by cells. Cells are units of structure and function. All cells arise from preexisting cells.

Question 2

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Cells only found in bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). These cells lack a true nucelus and organelles.
They have: cell membrane, cell wall, single chromosone with DNA only, ribosomes.

Question 3

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 3

Found in all organisms except bacteria. Differentiated by membranes into subcellular structures called organelles, include a nucelus.

Question 4

What do animal cells not have that plant cells do?

Answer 4

cell wall and chloroplasts

Question 5

What do animal cells have?

Answer 5

■ a cell membrane
■ a nucleus
■ chromosomes (multiple, with DNA and
protein)
■ ribosomes
■ mitochondria
■ Golgi apparatus
■ lysosomes (often)
■ vacuoles (sometimes—they may be small or
there may be none)
■ cilia or flagella (often)
■ centrioles

Question 6

What do plant cells have that animal cells do?

Answer 6

centrioles / flagella/cilia

Question 7

What do plant cells have?

Answer 7

■ a cell membrane
■ a nucleus
■ a cell wall
■ chromosomes (multiple, with DNA and
protein)
■ ribosomes
■ mitochondria
■ chloroplasts (in photosynthetic cells)
■ Golgi apparatus
■ plastids
■ lysosomes
■ vacuoles (one large single vacuole in a
mature cell)

Question 8

Matter

Answer 8

ANything that takes up space (volume)

Question 9

Energy

Answer 9

The capacity to do work; abstract concept that can be described only as it affects matter. Two types: potential and kinetic

Question 10

Thermodynamics and its laws

Answer 10

the physics of what is and what isn’t possible due to energy.
First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be
transferred and transformed, but it cannot
be created or destroyed (conservation
of energy).
Second law of thermodynamics: Every
energy transfer or transformation results
in the release of heat from the system to
the rest of the universe.

Question 11

Cell metabolism

Answer 11

energy management by a cell.
The complex structure of a cell includes
pathways along which metabolism proceeds,
aided by enzymes.

Question 12

Bioenergetics

Answer 12

the study of how organisms
manage energy, including heat production
and transfer; and regulation of body temperature
(endothermy and ectothermy).

Question 13

Metabolism

Answer 13

the totality of chemical reactions

that take place in an organism

Question 14

Anabolism

Answer 14

the metabolic synthesis of proteins,
fats, etc., from simpler molecules;
requires energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).

Question 15

Catabolism

Answer 15

the metabolic breakdown of molecules

for example, respiration

Question 16

Cellular respiration

Answer 16

a catabolic pathway for
the production of ATP, in which sometimes
oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with
an organic fuel (food). At other times, the
process proceeds without atmospheric oxygen,
but this is less efficient.

Question 17

Anaerobic pathway of cellular respiration

Answer 17

Food (especially carbohydrates) is
partially oxidized and chemical energy is
released; however, atmospheric oxygen is
not involved in the process.

Question 18

Aerobic pathway of cellular respiration

Answer 18

Food is completely oxidized to carbon
dioxide and water, and chemical energy is
released; atmospheric oxygen is involved
in the process. The Krebs cycle, electrontransport
chain, and oxidative phosphorylation
are important concepts here.

Question 19

Photosynthesis

Answer 19

conversion of light energy into
chemical energy, on which, directly or indirectly,
all living things depend. Photosynthesis
occurs in plants, algae, and certain
prokaryotes.

Question 20

Enzymology

Answer 20

the study of the speed of the
process of transformation of energy in a cell;
enzymes change the rate of a reaction without
themselves being consumed by that reaction.

Question 21

Diffusion

Answer 21

a movement of cells across the cell membrane. he process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM

Question 22

Osmosis

Answer 22

the diffusion of water (across a membrane)

Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute (and hence a lower concentration of water.

Question 23

Isotonic Solutions

Answer 23

If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the water will move back in forth but it won’t have any result on the overall amount of water on either side.

Question 24

Hypotonic Solutions

Answer 24

The word “HYPO” means less, in this case there are less solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt sucks, water will move into the cell.

The cell will gain water and grow larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid, the cell wall keeps the plant from bursting

In animal cells, the cell may be in danger of bursting, organelles called CONTRACTILE VACUOLES will pump water out of the cell to prevent this.

Question 25

Hypertonic Solutions

Answer 25

The word "HYPER" means more, in this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which causes the water to be sucked in that direction. In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the cells shrink, causing wilting. In animal cells, the cells also shrink. In both cases, the cell may die.

Question 26

cell cycle

Answer 26

the entire life cycle of a cell including reproduction that occurs in an orderly sequence.

Question 27

m phase

Answer 27

division of nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 28

mitosis

Answer 28

division of the nucleus; distribution of nuclear materials, particularly chromosomes. For descriptive purposes, mitosis is divided into phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 29

cytokinesis

Answer 29

division of the cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells, which occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis.

Question 30

Interphase

Answer 30

cell grows and copies chromosomes

Question 31

G1 Phase

Answer 31

(INTERPHASE) vegetative, nonreproductive functions. The “restriction point’’ is here, just before DNA synthesis—if “no-go,’’ the cell exits from cell cycle and enters G0 phase.

Question 32

S phase

Answer 32

( INTERPHASE) DNA of nucleus doubles

Question 33

G2 phase

Answer 33

(INTERPHASE) cell growth and cell differentiation occurs. By the end of G2, volume of cell doubles. This process prepares the cell for mitosis.

Question 34

carbohydrates

Answer 34

all possess C, H, O. building blocks are monosaccharides provide energy, as they are the body's main source of fuel, needed for physical activity, brain function and operation of the organs. All the cells and tissues in your body need carbs, and they are also important for intestinal health and waste elimination

Question 35

proteins

Answer 35

C, H, O and N. basic building blocks are amino acids They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.

Question 36

lipids

Answer 36

lipids group of organic molecules. contain C, H, O. insoluble in water. fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes Lipids are important constituent of of the diet because they are a source of high energy value. Lipids are also important because of the fat-soluble vitamins, and essential fatty acids found in the fat of the natural food stuffs. Body fat serves as a very good source of energy, it is stored in adipose tissues. They also act as insulating material in the subcutaneous tissues and are also seen around certain organs. Lipids combined with proteins are important constituents of the cell membranes and mitochondria of the cell. Lipids are not generally macromolecules. Lipids are naturally occurring organic compounds, commonly known as oils and fats. Lipids occur through out the living world in microorganisms, higher plants and animals and also in all cell types. Lipids contribute to cell structure, provide stored fuel and also take part in many biological processes.

Question 37

phosolipids

Answer 37

found in cell membrane ; hydrophobic tails

Question 38

central vacuole

Answer 38

The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant

Question 39

5 N bonds in amino acids (DNA and RNA)

Answer 39

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil (only in RNA)

Question 40

selective permeability

Answer 40

means that the cell membrane has some control over what can cross it, so that only certain molecules either enter or leave the cell. Molecules can cross the plasma membrane in three main ways

Question 41

the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure

Answer 41

describes the plasma membrane of animal cells. The plasma membrane that surrounds these cells has two layers (a bilayer) of phospholipids (fats with phosphorous attached), which at body temperature are like vegetable oil (fluid). And the structure of the plasma membrane supports the old saying, “Oil and water don’t mix.” Each phospholipid molecule has a head that is attracted to water (hydrophilic: hydro = water; philic = loving) and a tail that repels water (hydrophobic: hydro = water; phobic = fearing). Both layers of the plasma membrane have the hydrophilic heads pointing toward the outside; the hydrophobic tails form the inside of the bilayer.

Question 42

properties of energy

Answer 42

Energy can be transferred from one object to another. Energy comes in many different forms, which can generally be divided into Potential or Kinetic energy. Energy can be converted from any one of these forms into any other, and vice versa. Energy is never created or destroyed - this is called the First Law of Thermodynamics.

Question 43

Light or Electromagnetic Energy

Answer 43

The energy transmitted to the Earth from the Sun as light is also called "electromagnetic radiation", and may be thought of as a pure form of energy in the form of little packets of energy called photons. This word derives from the word "photo", which means "light".

Question 44

Heat or Thermal energy:

Answer 44

The energy radiated to Earth from the sun is called thermal or heat energy and is the same energy form as boiling water. For example, boiling water possesses "thermal energy", which is the collective, kinetic and potential energy of the vibrating molecules in the water

Question 45

Chemical Energy:

Answer 45

There is potential energy contained inside things which can be released as heat or other forms of energy when combusted with oxygen. The energy in fossil fuels is chemical energy, which releases heat energy when burnt. Food energy such as glucose (blood sugar) in your body also possesses "chemical energy" because the glucose releases energy to your body when chemically reacted (combusted) with oxygen.

Question 46

Nuclear Energy:

Answer 46

"Nuclear reactions" are the source of energy within the Sun, the core of our Earth and nuclear reactors. The similarity is that the reactions occurring involve changes in the structure of the nuclei of atoms

Question 47

taxonomy

Answer 47

The classification of organisms is known as taxonomy . Taxonomists utilize evolutionary relationships in creating their groupings.

Question 48

5 kingdoms

Answer 48

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 49

Monera

Answer 49

Monera consists of unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and many of the specialized cell parts, called organelles . Such organisms are said to be prokaryotic ( pro = “before”; karyotic = “kernel,” “nucleus”) and consist of bacteria. All of the other kingdoms consist of eukaryotic ( eu = “true”) organisms, which have cells that contain a nucleus and a fuller repertory of organelles.

Question 50

Protista

Answer 50

Unicellular eukaryotes are placed in kingdom Protista, which includes the protozoans and plant and funguslike protists.

Question 51

Plantae

Answer 51

Multicellular organisms that manufacture their own food are grouped into kingdom Plantae; flowers, mosses, trees

Question 52

Fungi

Answer 52

Uni- and multicellular plantlike organisms that absorb food from their environment are placed in kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts and molds.

Question 53

Animalia

Answer 53

Multicellular organisms that must capture their food and digest it internally are grouped into kingdom Animalia; snakes and humans are examples.

Question 54

heat

Answer 54

energy associated with rapid movement of internal particles of liquids and gases

Question 55

mechanical energy

Answer 55

found in the motion of bodies

Question 56

chemical energy

Answer 56

energy contained in the bonds that holds atoms together within molecules

Question 57

radiant energy

Answer 57

derived from the sun and other sources of wave-propagated energy

Question 58

entropy

Answer 58

measure of unavailability of energy for useful work (a consequence of random disorder)

Question 59

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 59

The second law may also be viewed in terms of potential energy: in any spontaneous reaction, one be uniformly distributed throughout an environment in which no further energy exchanges are possible, because entropy has been maximized.

Question 60

third law of thermodynamics

Answer 60

The third law states that only a perfect crystal, a system of maximum order, at –273 °C (absolute zero) can have no entropy. Since this ideal condition can never actually be met, all natural systems are characterized by some degree of disorder.

Question 61

free energy

Answer 61

form of energy associated with the performance of useful work, are classified as exergonic reactions.

Question 62

exergonic reactions

Answer 62

These are reactions that tend to occur spontaneously. In living systems, exergonic reactions are usually associated with the breakdown of complex molecules, whose bonds represent a storage of ordered forms of energy, into simpler molecules containing bonds of much lower orders of energy

Question 63

endergonic reactions.

Answer 63

Those reactions that involve a change from a lower energy state to a higher one. In biological systems, endergonic reactions are only possible if they are coupled with exergonic reactions that supply the needed energy. A number of exergonic reactions within living systems liberate the free energy that is stored in the high-energy bonds of molecules like adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is broken down to provide energy to drive the various endergonic reactions that make up the synthesizing activities of organisms.

Question 64

water

Answer 64

- Because of its polar quality, it promotes the dissociation of many molecules into ions, which play a role in regulating such biological properties as muscle contraction, permeability, and nerve impulse transmission. It has one of the highest specific heats of any natural substance; that is, a great deal of heat can be taken up by water with relatively small shifts in temperature. It - has a high latent heat of fusion , meaning that it releases relatively large amounts of heat when it passes from the liquid to solid (ice) phase. Conversely, ice absorbs relatively large amounts of heat when it melts. This quality produces a resistance to temperature shifts around the freezing point. The high latent heat of vaporization of water (the heat absorbed during evaporation) serves to rid the body surface of large amounts of heat in conversion of liquid water to water vapor.

Question 65

atom

Answer 65

An atom is the basic unit of all substances (elements). It consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by rapidly un-ionized state is equal to the number of positively charged protons within the nucleus.

Question 66

atomic number

Answer 66

number of protons orbiting the nucleus

Question 67

atomic weight

Answer 67

equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons contained within the nucleus. The neutron is a nuclear particle with a mass approximately equal to that of the proton but with no electrical charge.

Question 68

isotopes

Answer 68

chemical properties are the same, but number of neutrons are different.