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BMAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of a mammalian cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • DNA
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2
Q

What is the composition of a plant cell?

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Chloroplasts
  • Nucleus
  • DNA
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3
Q

What is the composition of a bacteria cell?

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • PLasmid
  • Nucleoid
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4
Q

What is the hierarchy of living tissue?

A

Cell –> Tissue –> Organ

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5
Q

Describe diffusion

A

The movement of solutes down their concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane.
Movement is from high concentration to low concentration.

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6
Q

Describe osmosis

A

The movement of water from a dilute solution to a saturated solution, down the concentration gradient of water, across a partially permeable membrane

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7
Q

What is turgid?

A

When water moves INTO something making it stiff.

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8
Q

Describe Active Transport

A

Is the movement of solutes against its concentration gradient through protein channels that use ATP as its chemical energy source.

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9
Q

Give an example of AT

A

Glucose moving across the villi of the stomach into the blood, during digestion following the breakdown of carbohydrates

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10
Q

Define Diploid and Haploid

A

Diploid - has 46 chromosomes, held in 23 chromosome pairs.

Haploid - contain 23 unpaired chromosomes

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11
Q

Describe mitosis

A

Is the production of two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, this involves one round of DNA replication and one round of division.

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12
Q

Describe meiosis

A

Is the production of four haploid cells from one parent cell, it comprises one round of DNA replication and two rounds of cell division.

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13
Q

Describe a function of mitosis

A

Wound healing

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14
Q

Describe the function of meiosis

A

The production of gametes, the unpaired chromosomes can be paired once more following the fusion of gametes during fertilization

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15
Q

Describe asexual division

A

The generation of two genetically identical daughter cells

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16
Q

How is sex determines

A

The combination of X chromosomes and Y chromosomes, 50:50 chance of being boy or girl through crossing X / X with X / Y

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17
Q

With X linked recessive disorders what is the chance of the daughter expressing the phenotype when crossed with a father expressing the disease and the mother is a carrier

A

50%

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18
Q

With X linked recessive disorders what is the chance of the son expressing the phenotype when crossed with a father expressing the disease and the mother not

A

0%

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19
Q

What is the chances of a boy expressing X linked recessive disorder if the mother is a carrier

A

50%

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

Unit of heredity

21
Q

What is an allele

A

Two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise through mutation and give different phenotypes

22
Q

Define dominant inheritance

A

Always expressed

23
Q

Define recessive inheritance

A

Only expressed in homozygous recessive allele pair

24
Q

Define phenotype

A

The physical characteristic presented from our genes

25
Q

Define genotype

A

genetic notation for the genes that make up an allele pair

26
Q

What is cystic fibrosis an example of

A

Rec

27
Q

What is HD an example of

A

Dom

28
Q

What are blood groups an example of?

A

Co-Dominance, where A and B will be expressed co-dominantly and O will not (rec)

29
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Is a complex molecule that carries genetic information, it is held in a double helix structure in which two strands of deoxyribonucleic acid strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between complimentary base pairs

30
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Are X shaped molecules held in the nucleus, they consist of a molecule of DNA that is condensed and compacted

31
Q

Describe protein synthesis

A

Is the production of proteins from their subunits: amino acids.
Transcription happens in the nucleus when enzyme RNAP ‘reads’ the DNA template that has opened up after being acted on my a helicase enzyme, the molecule of RNA will exit the nucleus through nuclear pore complex. Following this the process of translation leads to the generation of lines of amino acids held together by a peptide bond. This process is catalysed by the ribosome which brings tRNA conjoined to amino acids that are complimentary to the anti-codon on the tRNA

32
Q

How many triplet codes are there

A

64 (61 code for amino acids) and there are 20 amino acids

33
Q

What is a codon

A

Triplet base on RNA

34
Q

What is an anti-codon

A

Triplet base on tRNA

35
Q

How can you genetically engineer bacteria to express insulin

A 
ID insulin gene
Remove gene
Cut DNA of bacteria
Insert gene into bacteria using plasmid vector 
Transgenic organism cloned
NB restristriction enzyymes used to cut
Ligase enzymes used to ligate
36
Q

What does Golden rice have in it

A

Carotene from carrots and is recieved by rice

37
Q

What does humalin have in it

A

Insulin gene from humans inserted into bacteria

38
Q

What does a weedkiller resistance brand of soya have in it

A

Resistance from plant killer into

39
Q

What are stem cells and where are they found

A

Cells that have not yet been specialised and that can turn into any cell type and are found in embryos

40
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

The treatment of yourself with stem cells grown in a plate from your own body cells

41
Q

How do you carry out therapeutic cloning

A

Remove nucleus from body cell, insert into enucleated egg cell, allow to develop into embryo and collect stem cells, remove stem cells and encourage diff into certain cells types

42
Q

Would could therapeutic cloning be used for

A

Parkinsons

Bone grafting

43
Q

What is fusion cell cloning

A

Nucleus removed from body cell and placed in enucleated egg cell. This is implanted into donor womb before the embryo has begun specialisation (dividing)
–> clone of sheep

44
Q

What is variation

A

Genetic variation within a species that arises through mutation and varying selective pressures means there is a diverse gene pool and thus expression of phenotypes

45
Q

Give the rules of natural selection

A
  1. varied gene pool
  2. environmental pressure
  3. differential survival between different variants of species
46
Q

What are examples of natural selection

A

Peppered moths

MRSA

47
Q

What are enyzymes

A

Biological catalysts

BMAT (1 decks)

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