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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of a mammalian cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • DNA
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2
Q

What is the composition of a plant cell?

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Chloroplasts
  • Nucleus
  • DNA
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3
Q

What is the composition of a bacteria cell?

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • PLasmid
  • Nucleoid
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4
Q

What is the hierarchy of living tissue?

A

Cell –> Tissue –> Organ

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5
Q

Describe diffusion

A

The movement of solutes down their concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane.
Movement is from high concentration to low concentration.

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6
Q

Describe osmosis

A

The movement of water from a dilute solution to a saturated solution, down the concentration gradient of water, across a partially permeable membrane

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7
Q

What is turgid?

A

When water moves INTO something making it stiff.

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8
Q

Describe Active Transport

A

Is the movement of solutes against its concentration gradient through protein channels that use ATP as its chemical energy source.

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9
Q

Give an example of AT

A

Glucose moving across the villi of the stomach into the blood, during digestion following the breakdown of carbohydrates

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10
Q

Define Diploid and Haploid

A

Diploid - has 46 chromosomes, held in 23 chromosome pairs.

Haploid - contain 23 unpaired chromosomes

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11
Q

Describe mitosis

A

Is the production of two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, this involves one round of DNA replication and one round of division.

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12
Q

Describe meiosis

A

Is the production of four haploid cells from one parent cell, it comprises one round of DNA replication and two rounds of cell division.

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13
Q

Describe a function of mitosis

A

Wound healing

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14
Q

Describe the function of meiosis

A

The production of gametes, the unpaired chromosomes can be paired once more following the fusion of gametes during fertilization

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15
Q

Describe asexual division

A

The generation of two genetically identical daughter cells

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16
Q

How is sex determines

A

The combination of X chromosomes and Y chromosomes, 50:50 chance of being boy or girl through crossing X / X with X / Y

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17
Q

With X linked recessive disorders what is the chance of the daughter expressing the phenotype when crossed with a father expressing the disease and the mother is a carrier

A

50%

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18
Q

With X linked recessive disorders what is the chance of the son expressing the phenotype when crossed with a father expressing the disease and the mother not

A

0%

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19
Q

What is the chances of a boy expressing X linked recessive disorder if the mother is a carrier

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

Unit of heredity

21
Q

What is an allele

A

Two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise through mutation and give different phenotypes

22
Q

Define dominant inheritance

A

Always expressed

23
Q

Define recessive inheritance

A

Only expressed in homozygous recessive allele pair

24
Q

Define phenotype

A

The physical characteristic presented from our genes

25
Define genotype
genetic notation for the genes that make up an allele pair
26
What is cystic fibrosis an example of
Rec
27
What is HD an example of
Dom
28
What are blood groups an example of?
Co-Dominance, where A and B will be expressed co-dominantly and O will not (rec)
29
Describe the structure of DNA
Is a complex molecule that carries genetic information, it is held in a double helix structure in which two strands of deoxyribonucleic acid strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between complimentary base pairs
30
What are chromosomes
Are X shaped molecules held in the nucleus, they consist of a molecule of DNA that is condensed and compacted
31
Describe protein synthesis
Is the production of proteins from their subunits: amino acids. Transcription happens in the nucleus when enzyme RNAP 'reads' the DNA template that has opened up after being acted on my a helicase enzyme, the molecule of RNA will exit the nucleus through nuclear pore complex. Following this the process of translation leads to the generation of lines of amino acids held together by a peptide bond. This process is catalysed by the ribosome which brings tRNA conjoined to amino acids that are complimentary to the anti-codon on the tRNA
32
How many triplet codes are there
64 (61 code for amino acids) and there are 20 amino acids
33
What is a codon
Triplet base on RNA
34
What is an anti-codon
Triplet base on tRNA
35
How can you genetically engineer bacteria to express insulin
``` ID insulin gene Remove gene Cut DNA of bacteria Insert gene into bacteria using plasmid vector Transgenic organism cloned NB restristriction enzyymes used to cut Ligase enzymes used to ligate ```
36
What does Golden rice have in it
Carotene from carrots and is recieved by rice
37
What does humalin have in it
Insulin gene from humans inserted into bacteria
38
What does a weedkiller resistance brand of soya have in it
Resistance from plant killer into
39
What are stem cells and where are they found
Cells that have not yet been specialised and that can turn into any cell type and are found in embryos
40
What is therapeutic cloning
The treatment of yourself with stem cells grown in a plate from your own body cells
41
How do you carry out therapeutic cloning
Remove nucleus from body cell, insert into enucleated egg cell, allow to develop into embryo and collect stem cells, remove stem cells and encourage diff into certain cells types
42
Would could therapeutic cloning be used for
Parkinsons | Bone grafting
43
What is fusion cell cloning
Nucleus removed from body cell and placed in enucleated egg cell. This is implanted into donor womb before the embryo has begun specialisation (dividing) --> clone of sheep
44
What is variation
Genetic variation within a species that arises through mutation and varying selective pressures means there is a diverse gene pool and thus expression of phenotypes
45
Give the rules of natural selection
1. varied gene pool 2. environmental pressure 3. differential survival between different variants of species
46
What are examples of natural selection
Peppered moths | MRSA
47
What are enyzymes
Biological catalysts

BMAT (1 decks)

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