Biology Flashcards
what is biology?
the study of living things known as organisms.
what are organisms?
any form of life, range in size from simple viruses and single-celled organisms to complex
organisms made up of many cells
what is multicellular?
organisms, such as plants and animals, humans
what are tissues?
groupings of cells that share a specific structure and function
what do you call the organization of cells?
structure
what are the four major types of tissues?
connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissues.
what is Connective tissue made of?
It is made up of cells, fibers and extracellular
matrix (fluid between cells)
what are 7 Examples of
connective tissue
bone, tendons,
cartilage (the bendable part of your nose and
ears), adipose (fat) tissue and blood
what is carilage?
bendable part of your nose and
ears
what is adipose?
fat
what is Epithelial Tissue?
line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body.
what dose Epithelial Tissue do?
protects the body against physical injury,
microorganisms and fluid loss
what is secretions
(release of chemicals) such
digestive enzymes in the digestive system and sweat in the skin
what is Muscular Tissue?
tissue made from elongated cells called
myoctyes
what are the three types of
muscular tissue:
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
what is Skeletal muscle?
responsible for
voluntary movements such as walking or lifting
things
what is type of involuntary muscle
(works on its own), which is found within the
walls of organs and other structures and
performs functions such as moving food through
our esophagus and intestines
smooth muscle
what is Cardiac muscle
another type of involuntary
muscle, which is responsible for the contraction
of the heart
what is Nervous tissue made of?
Nervous tissue is made of separate nerve cells, called neurons,
what are neurons? What do they do?
send and receive electric signals between the nervous system and other body systems
what are axons?
structures which transmit signals to neighbouring neurons
what do neurons contain?
axons+ dendrites
what are dendrites?
structures which receive signals from other neurons
what is an organ?
structure that contains at least two different types of tissues functioning together for a
common purpose
what is an examples of an organ?
muscle tissue, nerve tissue and connective tissue come
together to form the whole heart
What is an example of an organ system?
the
cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body
What is the organ system?
organ system is a group of
inter-connected organs that perform most of the bodily functions
What is the cardiovascular system?
made up of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body
What are the 6 organ systems in the human body?
Circulatory, Digestive,Excretory, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory
What are the Structures Involved in the Circulatory
System?
What is the function of the Circulatory System?
Structures Involved in the Circulatory
System are Heart, blood and blood vessels.
Function of the Circulatory system are Transports materials (i.e.nutrients and oxygen)throughout the body.
What are the structures involved in the digestive system? What is the function of the digestive system?
Structures= mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and large intestines, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, and anus. Functions= breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, removal of solid waste.
What structures are involved in the excretory system? What is the function of the excretory system?
Structures= kindeys, urinary bladder, and uretha. Function= liquid waste disposal (urine)
What are the structures involved in the nervous system what is the function of the nervous system
The structures involved in the nervous system are brain spinal cord nerve tissue and sensory organs i.e. skin the function of the nervous system is the detection in response to the environment
What are the structures involved in the reproductive system what are the functions of the reproductive system
The structures involved in the reproductive system are ovaries, testes, and other related organ. function of the reproductive system is, production and fertilization of gametes (eggs or sperm cells )gestation and childbirth.
What are the structures involved in the Respiratory system? What is the function of the Respiratory system?
Structures = Pharynx, trachea, and lungs Function= exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.
The animals need oxygen from the environment to do what?
To turn the nutrients they get from their food into energy.
What is this energy used for?
Functions of living. ie: running, learnings, digesting.
When food combines with oxygen, energy is produced this process is called?
Metabolism
Why must animals always be able to breathe in fresh air ?
To get rid of carbon dioxide for proper metabolism to happen.
What is the organ system animals use to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
The respiratory system
What is the trachea?
A stiff tube reinforced by a ring cartilage,which starts at the back of the mouth and nose and then splits into 2 at bronchi.
How can you feel the cartilage rings?
Running your fingers down fingers down front of neck.
What is the singular form of the bronchi?
Bronchus
Describe the bronchus?
Bronchus splits off many times to form smaller tubes called bronchioles. They form a complex network of million of little tubes that lead to sacs called alveoli.
What forms the lungs?
The network of bronchioles tubes forms the lungs which are protected by the rib cage in the thoracic cavity. (Space in your chest where your lungs are found)
What is the large shaped dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity where the stomach and intestines are found?
Diaphragm
What is ventilation?
The process by which air is pulled in and pushed out of the lungs.
What is the main muscle responsible for ventilation?
The diaphragm
What happens to the diaphragm when in contracts?
It changes from dome- shape to a more flat shape.
Describe inhalation?
When the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and causes air to rush into lungs from the mouth, nose, through the trachea. This is inhalation.
What is the 2nd phase of ventilation?
Exhalation
Describe exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes,returns to its some-shape, and moves back into the thoracic cavity. This causes the space in the thoracic cavity to get smaller so air is forced out of the lungs.
What carries oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body?
Blood
What capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels that pick up oxygen from the lungs?
What are the arteries?
Arteries pump oxygenated blood blood to the rest of the body from the heart.
What carries the deoxygenated blood back to lungs where carbon dioxide is released.
Veins
What happens when an oxygen molecule is inhaled?
It moves into the mouth or nose passes through the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles and into the Alveolus.
What is the singular form a alveolus?
Alveoli
Where is the oxygen diffused in the blood into the surrounding capillaries?
In the alveolus
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is high concentration?
Where there are many of a certain type of molecule
What is low concentration?
Where there are fewer of the same type of molecule
In the lungs is there a high concentration of oxygen or low concentration of oxygen?
High concentration of oxygen so the oxygen moves into the blood where there is a low concentration of oxygen.
What happens when oxygen reaches the bodies tissues?
Oxygen molecules diffuse into the cells of the tissue where there is a low concentration of oxygen?
What do cells use oxygen for?
For the transformation of food into energy and produce carbon dioxide as a waste.
What has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, cells or blood?
Cells
Why does carbon dioxide diffuses the blood?
Because there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in cells compared to the blood?
What is gas exchange?
The process of absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
True or false? gas exchange is how all animals breath.
True
Do birds reptiles and frogs have diaphragm muscles?
No
Describe how a birds lungs are organized.
The lungs of a bird are surrounded by air sacs which collect the air as it moves through the respiratory system.
Describe the gas exchange in birds.
Gas exchange takes place of the air is pushed from the air sacs through the lungs.
Describe first inhalation for birds?
Air flows from the trachea to the rear air sacs
Describe first exhalation for birds?
Air flows from the rears air sacs to the lungs
Describe second inhalation for birds.
Air flows from lungs to front air sac
Describe second exhalation for birds
Air flows from front air sacs out through trachea
What are some advantages of the birds respiratory system?
Birbs absorb more oxygen out of the air than a mammal can. The air sacs make it so that a bird is less heavy which makes it easier for them to fly
How is the respiratory system of a reptile different from humans?
Reptiles do not have a diaphragm
What is the diaphragmaticus?
In crocodiles a large muscle that connects their pelvic (hip) bones to their liver.
How does a crocodile respiratory system work?
When the diaphragmaticus contracts it pulls the
liver toward the tail. This movement causes the chest cavity to get bigger and so air is
drawn into the lungs. When the diaphragmaticus relaxes, the liver moves back into its
original position and pushes up on the lungs, forcing air out of the crocodile.
What are the Muscles and organs used for turtle
respiration?
Lungs TA = Transverse abdominis
muscle, OA = Oblique abdominis muscle.
How to turtles inflate and deflate their lungs?
they move their legs
Where is the transverse abdominis (TA) on a turtle?
it wraps around the back
portion of the lungs
Where is the oblique
abdominis (OA) located on a turtle?
muscles located at the back of
the bottom shell. e. When
the OA muscles contract and flatten, they make
the space in the body cavity larger so that air
can move into the lungs.
how is Reptile ventilation is different from that of mammals?
the ventilation cycle starts
with exhalation (exhale, inhale, hold breath, repeat) instead of inhalation (inhale, exhale,
pause with lung empty, repeat).
True or false? Amphibians, such as frogs, have adapted to living both on land and in water - so their
respiratory system has features that help them to efficiently breathe in both of these
environments.
True
How may different compartments do frogs have where air moves in their respiratory system?
2 compartments
What controls the airflow between these two compartments in a frog?
valves
What are valves?
flaps of
tissues that can open or close
What are nares?
The first set of valves, which are the paired
openings on the nose of the frog.
What is the buccal cavity on a frog?
Its mouth
The buccal cavity and lungs are separated by another valve called what?
the glottis
Describe how a frogs ventilation works?
ventilation starts by exhaling
the lung is full and when the glottis opens, the
air in the lungs moves into the buccal cavity and
through the nares into the environment
How does a frog inhale?
glottis is closed and the nares are
opened causing air to flow into the buccal cavity.
the nares close and the glottis opens and the air moves into the lungs
What is a terrestrial animal?
one that lives on land
What is a fishes gas exchange organs?
the gills(instead of the lungs).
Describe the fish respiratory system-
-Fish push water across the gill arches
-oxygen is absorbed from the water by the gill lamellae
- the mouth and pharynx expand so the space increases and water is sucked in.
-Muscles in the operculum move it in and out so water
passes over the gill filaments and gill lamellae and out the operculum into the environment.
What is the operculum?
the bony covering over the gills behind the eye
What is the ventilation system that a fish uses? Describe it?
Ram Ventilation.
The forward motion of their bodies forces water to move over the gill arches so that
oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged
Why can a shark can actually drown if
it stops moving?
Because of Ram Ventilation.- it must continually take in water to get oxygen
Why do all animals need nutrients from their environment?
Nutrients provide energy and materials to build new cells and tissues, and vitamins and minerals that play many roles in the body.
Flatworms have a complex digestive system. True or False?
False. Flatworms have a very basic digestive system.
How many openings does a gastrovascular cavity have?
One (mouth/anus)
Describe a flatworms digestive system-
- food comes in through their mouth by contracting muscles in upper part of gastrovascular cavity
- contraction sucks in food
- gastrovascular cavity branches for food to be digested and absorbed
Do tapeworms have a digestive system?
No!!
Where do tapeworms live?
Inside the digestive system
How do tapeworms absorb nutrients?
They wait until host animal digests the food and then they can absorb nutrients through their skin.
Describe a tubular digestive system ( tubular gut)-
Has mouth at one end and anus at other end
What is the Buccal cavity?
Mouth- opening of digestive tract where food enters.
What is mastication?
Breaking down of food by chewing
What is the esophagus?
Tube through which food passes from mouth to stomach.
What are peristalsis?
Muscle contractions that push food through the esophagus
Describe the stomach-
A muscle organ where food is stored and digested by churning as well as by acids and enzymes.
What is churning?
Physical digestion
What is the Intestine?
A Long tube through which food passes, where further digestion, absorption of nutrients and storage of food wastes.
Why is the small intestine called the small intestine?
It’s diameter is smaller than the large intestine
What happens in the small intestine?
Majority of absorption of nutrients takes place in small intestine.
Where is the appendix located?
Near the junction of the small intestine and large intestine?
Is the appendix thought to have no function in modern humans?
Yes it is believed to have been part of the digestive system in our primitive ancestors
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorb water from the indigestible food matter and to remove waste from the body
What is the large intestine made up of?
Cecil ,colon, rectum
Describe the Cecum-
Pouch like, is the beginning of the large intestine and connects the small intestine to colon.
What does the colon absorb?
Water,salt, & some vitamins.
What does the colon do?
Acts as a temporary storage area for feces.
The recumbent is connected to the anus.
What is the anus?
The opening at end of the digestive tract through which food waste are eliminated.
What does Monogastric mean?
From the Greek word meaning alone and faster meaning stomach. Stomach with one chamber.
Are humans Monogastric?
Yes
What are Ruminants?
Even-toed ungulates from the order Artiodactyla. Animals that have stomachs with four chambers.
Give examples of ruminants-
Cows, sheep, goat, deer, llamas, camels, giraffes
How large is a ruminants stomach?
Very large. 3/4 of the abdominal cavity.
What are the four chambers of a ruminants stomach?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
What is the name of the important structure that sits at the very base of the skull and is involved in balance & coordination?
Cerebellum
What is Limbic system?
Set of neural structures that lie deep within the brain.
What is the Limbic system involved with?
Learning, memory, emotions, regulation of body’s natural systems
What is the hippocampus?
A Limbic structure that is involved with memory.
What is the Hippocampus responsible for?
Transferring information from our short term memory into our long term memory and plays a role in spatial memory.
What is the amygdaloid?
A structure that is involved with our emotions, especially the ability to recognize and react to fearful situations
True or False? The Amygdala is responsible for our fight or flight response?
True
Describe the fight or flight response-
When faced with a potentially threatening situation our Amygdala helps us to make a quick decisions about whether it is better to stay or better to leave.
What is the hypothalamus responsible for maintaining?
Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
Internal regulation of body systems
How does the hypothalamus maintain balance?
By regulating our hormone and sleep cycles, as well as hunger, thirst and body temperature
What is the Hypothalamus also called?
The master gland
What is the Corpus Callosum?
A bridge to allow the flow of information between the right and left hemispheres.
How much does the human brain weigh?
1.36 kilograms (about 3 pounds)
What are the 100 billion nerve cells that make up the brain called?
Neurons
Describe neurons-
Contact to one other with web like connections
Allows the different structures of the brain to communicate and share information
These communications allow us to smell,think, remember, feel, talk, walk, etc…
What are the three main parts of a neuron?
Did rites, cell body(soma) axons
What is at the centre of the neuron and contains the neurons nucleus?
The cell body
What branch like structures are attached to the cell body?
Dendrites
What do dendrites use to send the information they receive from other neurons?
Electrical nerve impulse
Describe the axon-
Long tail that extends from the cell body.
What is Myelin?
A coating covering the axon which protects the axon & helps to speed the message along.
What are the axon terminals responsible for?
Sending the information to the next neuron.
How is information transmitted between neurons?
By Electro-chemical signalling
Describe the electrical pulse called an ‘Action Pulse’-
The dendrite of a neuron receives information from the axon terminal of a previous neuron, an electrical signal is generated at the cell body
What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?
Chemicals know asNEUROTRANSMITTERS are released into a space between neurons called the SYNAPTIC CLEFT (of synapse)
What is Synaptic Transmission?
When neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and act on the dendrites of the next cell
What do dendrites need in order to receive the chemical message from the previous neuron?
Receptors
What are Receptors?
Specialized proteins found in the wall of the synapse
What process ensures that the correct signals are sent by the different neurotransmitters?
Each receptor has a specific shape to which only one type of neurotransmitters can fit
Who is Andrew Robertson?
Research Assistant - centre for research in occupational safety and health (CROSH) at Laurentian University
What does the research they conduct through CROSH have a great impact on?
Health, safety, welling being of workers in varies industries like , mining, forestry, construction, health care
What does the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?
The nerves outside the central nervous system.
What are probiotics?
Good bacteria
Describe the Rumen-
the first and largest chamber of the stomach, contains probiotics that digest plant fibers
True or False - most mammals are not able to digest plant fibers on their own.
True
Describe the Reticulum-
the second chamber of the stomach, like the rumen the reticulum contains micro-organisms that digest plant fibers.
Describe the Omasum-
the third chamber of the stomach. this is where water is absorbed into the body from the partially digested food
Describe the Abomasum-
the fourth chamber of the stomach. it produces acids and enzymes to further digest the food. Sometimes referred to as the glandular stomach.
What is cud?
regurgitated (brought up from the gut into the mouth) and chewed.
Where does the word ruminant come from?
from the Latin verb ruminare, which means to chew over again.
Where does chemical digestion happen during ruminant digestion?
In the Abomasum
Where does nutrient absorption take place during ruminant digestion?
In the Intestine.
True or False- Birds have teeth
False
How do birds breakdown food?
With their beak and gizzard
What is a gizzard?
Muscular chamber that contains small stones.
What does the gizzard do?
Muscular contraction of the gizzard grinds the food together with the stones.
Where is the gizzard found in a bird?
After the stomach
What is a crop in a bird?
A cavity that can store food before it enters the stomach.
How is the small and large intestine of birds similar to those of mammals.
At the end of the digestive tract is the cloaca
What is the cloaca?
a tubular structure that serves as a shared opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems.
What does the nervous system do?
It controls our entire body, from our senses to our reflexes and movements.
In most animals the nervous system consists of which two parts?
Central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
What does the Central Nervous System consists of?
The brains & spinal cord
Describe the brain?
Where is it located?
The brain is the central control for the nervous system. It is located in the head and it is protected by the skull.
Describe the spinal cord?
Where is it located?
A long thin bundle of nervous tissue.
Its extends from the brain, down through the vertebral columns about midway down your back.
What does the spinal cord connect to the rest of the body through?
The brainstem
Describe the brainstem?
The brainstem contains many important structures that are essential to attention and consciousness as well as important involuntary activities (ie, breathing and heart rate)
What is the largest part of the brain?
The cerebrum
Describe the Cerebrum-
Controls most of our higher cognitive functions
How is the Cerebrum divided?
In the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere both of which sit on top of the brainstem.
What is the layer of tissue called which covered the hemispheres?
Cerebral Cortex
How is the Cerebral Cortex divided?
In four main lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
Where is the frontal lobe located?
it sits right around the forehead.
What are some of the functions of the frontal lobe?
What are some of the skills this area of the brain is used for?
Functions - memory, intelligence, concentration, emotion, personality
Skills - goal setting, planning events, making complicated decisions.
Where is the parietal Lobe located?
|t is located towards the back of the head close to the top of the skull.
What is the parietal Lobe involved with?
it is involved in integrating all different kinds of sensory information such as seeing, hearing, touch, ect.
Give examples of the sensory information the parietal lobe is involved in?
helps in coordinating what you see with the body movements associated with interacting with that object.
What is the left hemisphere of the parietal lobe involved with?
language and mathematics.
What is the right hemisphere of the parietal lobe involved with?
spatial relationships such as understanding maps
Where is the temporal lobe?
it is located on the side of the head just above your ears
what is the Temporal lobe involved with?
Processing auditory information and also assists in memory formation and speech.
Where is the Occipital Lobe
located at the very back of the head
What is the Occipital Lobe extensively involved in?
Vision
What can happen if the Occipital Lobe becomes damaged?
you can become blind or visual impaired.
What is the difference between the Central Nervous System (CNS) & the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Unlike the CNS the PNS is not protected by the bones of the skull and spine, therefore it is much more vulnerable to injuries.
What are the 2 nervous systems the Peripheral (PNS) is divided into?
Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic Nervous System
Describe the Somatic (or voluntary )Nervous System-
- Responsible for carry motor (movement related) and sensory information to and from the CNS.
- is made up of nerves that connect to the skin, sensory organs and all skeletal muscles.
True or False? All Five senses are controlled by the somatic nervous system
True
What are afferent nerves?
nerves that carry sensory information towards the CNS
What are efferent nerves?
Nerves that carry motor information from the CNS to the muscles
Describe the Autonomic(involuntary) Nervous System-
Is part of the PNS,
responsible for involuntary body functions such as the contractions of the heart, digestion, breathing, perspiration, ect.
Where is the Autonomic Nervous System located?
Located in the Medulla Oblongata in the lower brainstem.
What are 2 sub systems the Autonomic Nervous System can be divided into?
Parasympathetic Nervous System & Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the difference between the Parasympathetic Nervous System and the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Unlike the Parasympathetic system which is about resting, the sympathetic system prepares the body for action.
Describe the Parasympathetic System-
responsible for conserving energy levels
- know as the ‘rest and digest’ system
- increases bodily secretions of tears, mucus, and saliva which help to defend the body and aid in digestion
How does the Parasympathetic System send messages?
Using the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine which is stored in the nerve endings
Describe the Sympathetic Nervous System-
In stressful situations, it can increase heart rate, increase sugar and fat levels, increase the strength of skeletal muscles, decrease digestive secretions, relax the bladder, dilate the pupils, increase perspiration and increase mental activity.
How does the Sympathetic Nervous System send messages?
Using the neurotransmitter Noradrenaline, which is stored in nerve endings.
What information does Hexoskin provide?
Variety of factors, such as activity intensity, energy demands, stress (fight or flight)responses, and relaxation (rest and recovery)
What does a Hexoskin provide a detailed analysis of?
Heart rate and heart rate variability(the small differences in time between consecutive heartbeats)
What is Hexoskin?
Wearable technology created by a Canadian company
What are some of things our heart rate can indicate about what is happening to our body?
- An increase heart rate tells us our body in is a situation of high intensity and need fuel
- Whether we are stressed or relaxed
How are hexoskins being used for research?
research how individuals react to different situations, such as exercise, work, and environmental situations.
What are the some of the goals of the research hexoskin is being used for
to help people develop strategies to be healthy and safe
