Biology 5 diseases and bioenergetics Flashcards
What is a communicable disease
Can spread form persons to person eg measles
They are spread by pathogens such a bacteria or viruses
What is a non- communicable
Diseases that cannot be passed form person to person (not contagious)
Eg coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes
Health definition
State of physical and mental well being
What other things can cause diseases or make them more susceptible
Poor diet
High stress levels
Working with harmful chemicals
Some diseases can be triggered by the immune system
Allergies such as asthma or dermatitis
Illnesses caused by viruses
Influenza
HIV
Tobacco Mozeac virus
Measles
AIDS
Ebola
Genital herpes
Pathogen definition
Disease causing microorganism
Illnesses caused by bacteria
Salmonella food poisoning
Tuberculosis
Gonorrhea
Illnesses caused by fungi
Rose black spot
Athletes foot
How does bacteria make someone ill
Multiply rapidly
Release toxins into blood steam CAN BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICs
How does a virus make a person ill
Invade/ infect cell
Makes cell make copies of itself
Cell ruptures releasing virus into body making people ill CANNOT BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS
How can you become infected with bacteria or virus
Food/ drink that is contaminated
Touch/ direct contract
Droplets that travel in the air when people cohhhehehd or sneeze
Through break in skin Barrier
How body is designed to stop people getting infected
Organ skin which is a water proof barrier
Mucus in nose and mouth airways and digestive system that trap pathogens when inhaled
Stomach acid - acidic conditions of stomach that enter body via food
Immune system definition
Complex system of cells that attach pathogens and toxins present in the blood circulation
Explain how the immense system works
Pathogen gets into blood and if bacteria it releases toxins
pathogens have antigens/ markers around it which allows the pathogen to be detected as foreign by lymphocyte (type of white blood cell)
The phagocyte then signals antibodies
( antitoxins when with bacteria ) which attach and bunch up pathogens (neutralises toxin when dealing with bacteria)
phagocyte comes along and engulfs the pathogen then destroys it by releasing harmful chemicals
What is the reason why people can’t become immune to some pathogens
Some pathogens antigens are unstable there for changing all the time meaning the body will keep having to change antibodies
How do pesticides stop the spread of malaria
Repel vectors (mosquitos) which carry and spread malaria
What was the name of the person that created the first antibiotic and what was the name of the antibiotic ?
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
What are symptoms of viruses influenza, tmv, measles and cold
Influenza- fever, cough, sore throat
HIV- head ache, fatigue, night sweats
Measles- cough, sneezing, loss of appetite
Tmv- yellowing of leaves
Symptoms of bacteria illness:
Salmonella -diarrhoea, vomiting,stomach cramps, fever, sweatting
Tuberculosis - night sweats, tiredness and fatigue
What medicine/drug is extracted from willow and foxglove
Willow- aspirin (pain relief)
Fox glove- digitalis (medicine to treat congestive heart failure and heart rhythm problems )
Drug development process
Pre clinical trials
Call tissue
⬇️
Animal testing
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CLINICAL TRIALS
phase 1 small group of healthy volunteers ( to test toxicity and side effects) -
Phase 2 small group of sufferers (to test efficacy (if it works))
PHASE 3
(3) large group of sufferers - leads to
License, prescribed, long term monitoring.
Toxicity, efficacy, dose
Toxicity-
If the drug is toxic) to see if the drug will make people ill and have side effects
Efficacy- if the drug is effective, to find out if the drug actually works and how well
Dose - how much of the drug is needed
Reason for phase 1 and 2 trials
Small group of healthy people to check if drug is safe also to find the optimal dose
what is placebo effect
the placebo effect is when someone has been give a dummy drug/ pill that has no active drug in it however they feel better once taking it
purpose of double blind trials and meaning
double blind trials are when neither the doctors or patients are aware of who is receiving the real drug and dummy drug
this is to prevent bias when doctors are analysing patients and evaluating patients outcome
Describe how vaccination works ?
What are protists, parasites and malaria
malaria is spread by mosquitos which carry protist( single celled eukaryotic)
what causes rose black spot
fungus- black spots of leave, yellowing of leaves
what is the deference between specialisation and differentiation
specialisation is when cells adapt and form
can viruses replicate themselves
no viruses are not considered alive they need a host and cannot replicate on their own.
