Biology 5 diseases and bioenergetics

Question 1

What is a communicable disease

Answer 1

Can spread form persons to person eg measles

They are spread by pathogens such a bacteria or viruses

Question 2

What is a non- communicable

Answer 2

Diseases that cannot be passed form person to person (not contagious)
Eg coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes

Question 3

Health definition

Answer 3

State of physical and mental well being

Question 4

What other things can cause diseases or make them more susceptible

Answer 4

Poor diet
High stress levels
Working with harmful chemicals

Question 5

Some diseases can be triggered by the immune system

Answer 5

Allergies such as asthma or dermatitis

Question 6

Illnesses caused by viruses

Answer 6

Influenza
HIV
Tobacco Mozeac virus
Measles
AIDS
Ebola
Genital herpes

Question 7

Pathogen definition

Answer 7

Disease causing microorganism

Question 8

Illnesses caused by bacteria

Answer 8

Salmonella food poisoning
Tuberculosis
Gonorrhea

Question 9

Illnesses caused by fungi

Answer 9

Rose black spot
Athletes foot

Question 10

How does bacteria make someone ill

Answer 10

Multiply rapidly
Release toxins into blood steam CAN BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICs

Question 11

How does a virus make a person ill

Answer 11

Invade/ infect cell
Makes cell make copies of itself
Cell ruptures releasing virus into body making people ill CANNOT BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS

Question 12

How can you become infected with bacteria or virus

Answer 12

Food/ drink that is contaminated

Touch/ direct contract

Droplets that travel in the air when people cohhhehehd or sneeze

Through break in skin Barrier

Question 13

How body is designed to stop people getting infected

Answer 13

Organ skin which is a water proof barrier

Mucus in nose and mouth airways and digestive system that trap pathogens when inhaled

Stomach acid - acidic conditions of stomach that enter body via food

Question 14

Immune system definition

Answer 14

Complex system of cells that attach pathogens and toxins present in the blood circulation

Question 15

Explain how the immense system works

Answer 15

Pathogen gets into blood and if bacteria it releases toxins

pathogens have antigens/ markers around it which allows the pathogen to be detected as foreign by lymphocyte (type of white blood cell)

The phagocyte then signals antibodies
( antitoxins when with bacteria ) which attach and bunch up pathogens (neutralises toxin when dealing with bacteria)

phagocyte comes along and engulfs the pathogen then destroys it by releasing harmful chemicals

Question 16

What is the reason why people can’t become immune to some pathogens

Answer 16

Some pathogens antigens are unstable there for changing all the time meaning the body will keep having to change antibodies

Question 17

How do pesticides stop the spread of malaria

Answer 17

Repel vectors (mosquitos) which carry and spread malaria

Question 18

What was the name of the person that created the first antibiotic and what was the name of the antibiotic ?

Answer 18

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Question 19

What are symptoms of viruses influenza, tmv, measles and cold

Answer 19

Influenza- fever, cough, sore throat
HIV- head ache, fatigue, night sweats
Measles- cough, sneezing, loss of appetite
Tmv- yellowing of leaves

Question 20

Symptoms of bacteria illness:

Answer 20

Salmonella -diarrhoea, vomiting,stomach cramps, fever, sweatting
Tuberculosis - night sweats, tiredness and fatigue

Question 21

What medicine/drug is extracted from willow and foxglove

Answer 21

Willow- aspirin (pain relief)

Fox glove- digitalis (medicine to treat congestive heart failure and heart rhythm problems )

Question 22

Drug development process

Answer 22

Pre clinical trials
Call tissue
⬇️
Animal testing
~~~~~~~~~~~~
CLINICAL TRIALS

phase 1 small group of healthy volunteers ( to test toxicity and side effects) -

Phase 2 small group of sufferers (to test efficacy (if it works))

PHASE 3

(3) large group of sufferers - leads to
License, prescribed, long term monitoring.

Question 23

Toxicity, efficacy, dose

Answer 23

Toxicity-
If the drug is toxic) to see if the drug will make people ill and have side effects

Efficacy- if the drug is effective, to find out if the drug actually works and how well

Dose - how much of the drug is needed

Question 24

Reason for phase 1 and 2 trials

Answer 24

Small group of healthy people to check if drug is safe also to find the optimal dose

Question 25

what is placebo effect

Answer 25

the placebo effect is when someone has been give a dummy drug/ pill that has no active drug in it however they feel better once taking it

Question 26

purpose of double blind trials and meaning

Answer 26

double blind trials are when neither the doctors or patients are aware of who is receiving the real drug and dummy drug

this is to prevent bias when doctors are analysing patients and evaluating patients outcome

Question 27

Describe how vaccination works ?

Question 28

What are protists, parasites and malaria

Answer 28

malaria is spread by mosquitos which carry protist( single celled eukaryotic)

Question 29

what causes rose black spot

Answer 29

fungus- black spots of leave, yellowing of leaves

Question 30

what is the deference between specialisation and differentiation

Answer 30

specialisation is when cells adapt and form

Question 31

can viruses replicate themselves

Answer 31

no viruses are not considered alive they need a host and cannot replicate on their own.