Biology

Question 1

Genes and Serotonin study by..?

Answer 1

Brunner.

Question 2

Aim of Brunner’s study?

Answer 2

Investigate genetic link for aggression in a family with aggressive tendencies

Question 3

Method of Brunner’s study?

Answer 3

• Case study
• 5 males from Netherlands with abnormal violent bhvr
• IQ of 85(mental retardation)
• blood and urine sample analysed to measure levels of MAO enzyme

Question 4

Results of Brunner’s study?

Answer 4

• Mutation in gene codes for enzyme MAOA
• lowers level of serotonin= increase aggression
• bhvr problems triggered by lack of sleep & nightmares

Question 5

Conclusion of Brunner’s study?

Answer 5

Faulty gene affects normal functioning neurotransmitters.

However could be caused by other factors

Question 6

Background for brain dysfunction?

3 points

Answer 6

• Crime linked to neurological problems caused by brain damage or drug abuse
• stays dormant & remain undetected until activated
• damage to amygdala causes no control to ability of violent impulses

Question 7

Brain dysfunction study?

murderous brain…

Answer 7

Raine.

Raine Raine murderous brain

Question 8

Aims of Raines study?

Answer 8

Investigate cortical & sub cortical brain functioning using PET scans for murders pleaded not guilty

Question 9

Method of Raine’s study?

Answer 9

• experiment
• 41 prisoners pleading NGRI (reasons of insanity) eg drug abuse
• matched pairs non offenders in age, sex
• injected glucose tracer
• performance task for 32 minutes while PET
• compare NGRI & control on activity levels

Question 10

Results of Raine’s study?

Answer 10

NGRI had lower activity in prefrontal cortex (self-control)

NGRI higher activity in cerebellum (movement)

Question 11

Conclusion of Raine’s study?

Answer 11

A violent offender may have dysfunctions in brain areas lead to no control of ability to have remorse/ self-control

Question 12

Background for Gender?

3 points

Answer 12

• Males take more risk due to shorter life expectancy
• Males need to ‘win’ mate (females) turn to crime to impress
• Women have less crime rate as caring/nurturing to bring up children

Question 13

Gender study?

Answer 13

Daly and Wilson.

Question 14

Aim of Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 14

Investigate the relationship between life expectancy and crime rate

Question 15

Method of Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 15

• correlation study
• analysis of police/ school records
• Chicago divided into 77 communities
• study looked at communities with lower than average male expectancy

Question 16

Results of Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 16

Strong negative correlation (-0.88) between homicide rates and life expectancy

Negative correlation between truancy from school and life expectancy

Females did not display the same relationship

Question 17

Conclusion for Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 17

Evolution theory shows males commit more crimes than females due to wanting to attract a mate, for offspring while women commit less crime to care for offspring

Question 18

Genes and Serotonin background?

4 points

Answer 18

• Criminal tendencies inherited extra Y chromosome (XYY)
• Higher levels of testosterone
• Reducing serotonin
• increases impulsive & aggressive bhvr